Omnis domus patrem redeuntem salutat.

• salutat = the verb, greets
• domus = the subject
• patrem = the direct object
• redeuntem = a participle describing patrem
• omnis = an adjective modifying domus

So the basic structure is: [subject] [object + describing word] [verb].

Because the forms match.

• omnis here is nominative singular masculine/feminine
• domus is nominative singular
• patrem is accusative singular

If omnis were modifying patrem, Latin would normally have omnem patrem, not omnis patrem.

So omnis must belong with domus.

Because Latin nouns are not identified by gender just from the last letters alone.

domus is an important irregular noun:

• it is usually feminine
• it belongs mainly to the fourth declension
• even though it ends in -us, it is not a typical second-declension masculine noun like servus

So -us does not always mean masculine.

Two clues show that:

• omnis is singular
• salutat is singular

So domus must also be singular here.

This is helpful because domus can sometimes look ambiguous to beginners.

It can mean more than just the physical house.

domus can mean:

• house
• home
• household
• sometimes even the family or people belonging to the home

So when you see domus, you should think of both the place and the people, and let the context decide.

Because patrem is the accusative singular form of pater.

• pater = nominative, used for the subject
• patrem = accusative, used for the direct object

Since the father is the one being greeted, Latin puts him in the accusative: patrem.

redeuntem is a present active participle from redeo, redire, meaning returning or coming back.

It works a bit like an adjective, but it keeps a verbal sense.

So patrem redeuntem means:

• the returning father
• or the father who is returning

Both are good ways to understand it.

Because they agree in form.

• patrem = accusative singular masculine
• redeuntem = accusative singular masculine

That agreement shows they belong together.

It does not describe domus, because domus is nominative, not accusative.

Because the subject is singular.

The ending -t in salutat marks:

• third person
• singular
• present tense

So salutat means he/she/it greets.

If the subject were plural, you would expect salutant.

Latin word order is much freer than English word order because Latin uses case endings to show each word’s job.

English depends heavily on position:

• the father greets the household
• the household greets the father

Latin can move words around more easily because endings still show:

• who is the subject
• who is the object
• which words go together

Here the verb is placed at the end, which is very common in Latin.

That is a very common question.

A good basic rule is:

• omnis
  • singular noun often means every or each
• omnes/omnia
  • plural often means all

But context can sometimes make the English feel more like the whole or the entire thing.

So the grammar tells you that omnis modifies a singular noun; the exact best English wording depends on context and style.

Yes. That is often the easiest way in English.

So:

• patrem redeuntem = the returning father
• or the father who is returning
• or the father coming back

Latin participles are often smoother in English when turned into a relative clause.

Because Classical Latin has no articles.

So Latin does not have separate words exactly like English the or a/an.

Whether you translate with the, a, or no article at all depends on the context.