Iudex nemini permittit falsum iurare.

• iudex: nominative singular, the subject
• nemini: dative singular, to no one / no one
• permittit: 3rd person singular present, allows / permits
• falsum: neuter accusative singular, used with iurare
• iurare: present active infinitive, to swear

So the backbone is:

• iudex permittit = the judge allows
• nemini = to no one
• falsum iurare = to swear falsely / to swear a falsehood

Because permittere often works in Latin as:

• alicui permittere + infinitive

That literally means to permit to someone to do something.

So nemini is dative because it is the person to whom permission would be given. English usually says allow someone to..., with someone looking like a direct object, but Latin often uses the dative here instead.

So:

• nemini permittit = he permits to no one
• idiomatic English: he allows no one

Because the infinitive tells you what action is being allowed.

After verbs like permittere, Latin commonly uses an infinitive to express the action:

• permittit iurare = he allows ... to swear

This is very similar to English allow to do in structure, except English usually also shows the person differently: allow someone to swear.

The understood subject of iurare is the same person referred to by nemini.

In other words, nemini is the one who would do the swearing. So the sense is:

• The judge allows no one to swear falsely

Latin does not need to repeat a separate pronoun here. The person is already clear from nemini.

No, not in the usual sense.

In a classic accusative-and-infinitive construction, you would expect an accusative noun or pronoun as the subject of the infinitive. But here the person involved is nemini, which is dative, not accusative.

So this is better understood as:

• permittere + dative of person + infinitive

not as a standard accusative-and-infinitive pattern.

Falsum goes with iurare.

It is neuter accusative singular of falsus, and here it is being used substantively: something false, a falsehood.

So very literally:

• falsum iurare = to swear something false or to swear a falsehood

But in natural English we usually translate that as:

• to swear falsely
• or to commit perjury

So even though English may prefer an adverb, Latin is using a neuter accusative word.

Not formally, no.

It is not an adverb like English falsely. Grammatically, it is a neuter accusative singular form of the adjective falsus, used almost like a noun: a false thing / a falsehood.

That said, the most natural English translation is often adverbial:

• falsum iurare = to swear falsely

So the grammar is not the same as the most natural English wording.

Because nemini already contains the negative idea.

• nemo = no one
• nemini = to no one

Latin often uses a negative word like nemo, nihil, numquam, and that by itself is enough. So:

• nemini permittit already means he allows no one

You do not need non as well.

Two main reasons:

1. iudex is nominative singular, the normal case for the subject.
2. permittit is 3rd person singular, so it matches a singular subject.

Also, nemini cannot be the subject here because it is dative, not nominative.

It comes from nemo, meaning no one.

This is an irregular pronoun, so its forms are worth memorizing. The most useful ones are:

• nominative: nemo = no one
• genitive: nullius = of no one
• dative: nemini = to no one
• accusative: neminem = no one
• ablative: usually nullo or sometimes nemine

So in this sentence, nemini is specifically the dative form.

Yes. Latin word order is more flexible than English word order because the endings show the grammar.

So the same basic meaning could appear in different arrangements, for example:

• Iudex nemini permittit falsum iurare
• Nemini iudex falsum iurare permittit
• Falsum iurare iudex nemini permittit

The exact order can change emphasis or style, but the case endings still tell you what each word is doing.

In the given sentence, putting nemini early gives it some prominence: the judge allows no one...

A very literal unpacking would be:

• Iudex = the judge
• nemini = to no one
• permittit = permits
• falsum iurare = to swear a falsehood / to swear something false

So almost word-for-word:

• The judge permits to no one to swear a falsehood

That is not good natural English, but it helps show how the Latin grammar works. The normal English meaning is:

• The judge allows no one to swear falsely.