Discipulus studiosus menda sua statim corrigit.

Because both discipulus and studiosus are in the nominative singular masculine, which is the normal form for the subject and an adjective agreeing with it.

• discipulus = nominative singular, the student
• studiosus = nominative singular masculine, agreeing with discipulus

So discipulus studiosus means the diligent/studious student and functions as the subject of corrigit.

Because studiosus is an adjective describing discipulus.

Latin often places an adjective next to the noun it describes, though it does not have to. Here:

• discipulus = student
• studiosus = studious, eager, diligent

Since they match in case, number, and gender, they belong together:

• nominative
• singular
• masculine

So this is not two separate people. It is one student, described as studious/diligent.

Because menda is a neuter plural form.

In the second declension, many neuter nouns have:

• singular nominative/accusative in -um
• plural nominative/accusative in -a

So:

• mendum = mistake, error
• menda = mistakes, errors

This is very common in Latin. The ending -a does not always mean feminine singular; it can also be neuter plural.

Menda is accusative plural here, because it is the direct object of corrigit.

The verb corrigit means corrects, so we ask: corrects what? Answer: menda sua = his own mistakes

Because mendum is a neuter noun, its accusative plural is menda. For neuter nouns, nominative and accusative are always the same in form.

Because sua is the reflexive possessive adjective. It refers back to the subject of the sentence.

Here, the subject is discipulus studiosus, so:

• menda sua = his own mistakes, the student's own mistakes

If Latin used eius, that would usually mean his mistakes referring to someone else's mistakes, not the subject's own.

So the contrast is:

• sua = his/her/their own
• eius = his/her, but not reflexive

Because it agrees with menda, not with the possessor.

This is an important Latin rule: a possessive adjective agrees with the thing possessed, not with the owner.

Since menda is:

• accusative
• plural
• neuter

the possessive adjective must also be:

• accusative
• plural
• neuter

So we get sua.

Even though the owner is one male student, the form is sua because it matches menda, not discipulus.

Corrigit is a third person singular present active indicative form of corrigere.

That means:

• third person singular = he/she/it
• present = corrects / is correcting
• active = the subject performs the action
• indicative = plain statement

So corrigit means he corrects or she corrects, though in this sentence the subject is discipulus, so he corrects.

Because the verb ending already includes that information.

In corrigit, the ending -it tells you the verb is third person singular. So Latin does not need to add is or another pronoun unless it wants emphasis.

That is why:

• corrigit already means he/she/it corrects

The subject can still be stated, as here, for clarity or style:

• Discipulus studiosus ... corrigit

Statim is an adverb meaning immediately, at once, or straightaway.

It modifies the verb corrigit, telling us when or how quickly the student corrects his mistakes.

So:

• corrigit = corrects
• statim corrigit = corrects immediately

Yes. Latin word order is more flexible than English because grammatical endings do much of the work.

This sentence could be rearranged in several ways without changing the basic meaning, for example:

• Discipulus studiosus menda sua statim corrigit
• Statim discipulus studiosus menda sua corrigit
• Menda sua discipulus studiosus statim corrigit

The exact order can change the emphasis:

• putting statim earlier can stress immediately
• putting menda sua earlier can stress his mistakes

But the core meaning stays the same because the forms show the grammar.

Not always. Studiosus can mean things like:

• studious
• eager
• diligent
• zealous

The best English choice depends on context. In this sentence, many learners would naturally translate it as studious or diligent.

So discipulus studiosus could be:

• a studious student
• a diligent student

Both capture the grammar well.

Classical Latin has no definite or indefinite article.

So discipulus can mean:

• a student
• the student

You decide from context which English article sounds best.

The same is true for menda:

• mistakes
• the mistakes

When translating into English, you usually add the article that sounds natural in context.

By itself, sua can mean his own, her own, its own, or their own, because Latin reflexive possessives do not specify gender in the same way English pronouns do.

But in this sentence, the subject is:

• discipulus = singular, masculine

So the natural interpretation is his own mistakes.

If the subject were plural, then sua could mean their own.