Ventus frigidus pedes puellae laedit.

Because ventus is in the nominative singular, which is the usual case for the subject, and laedit is a singular verb, so they match.

Also, frigidus agrees with ventus, so ventus frigidus goes together as cold wind.

By contrast:

• pedes is the direct object
• puellae modifies pedes

So the basic structure is:

[subject] ventus frigidus
[object] pedes puellae
[verb] laedit

Because it is an adjective describing ventus, and Latin adjectives must agree with the nouns they describe in:

• gender
• number
• case

Here:

• ventus = masculine, singular, nominative
• so frigidus must also be masculine, singular, nominative

That is why it is frigidus, not frigida or frigidum.

Pedes is accusative plural here, because it is the direct object of laedit.

The verb laedit means harms, injures, or hurts, so it takes something directly affected. In this sentence, the thing being hurt is the feet.

The noun is:

• pes = foot
• pedis = of a foot

Its accusative plural is pedes.

Because puellae is functioning as a genitive singular, showing possession or relationship.

So:

• pedes puellae = the girl's feet / the feet of the girl

This is a very common Latin pattern:

• noun + genitive noun

For example:

• liber puellae = the girl's book
• pedes puellae = the girl's feet

Yes. The form puellae is ambiguous by itself. It can be:

• genitive singular = of the girl
• dative singular = to/for the girl
• nominative plural = girls
• vocative plural = girls!

But in this sentence, context shows it must be genitive singular, because it fits naturally with pedes:

• pedes puellae = the girl's feet

The other possibilities do not fit the sentence nearly as well.

Because Latin does not have articles like English the or a/an.

So a Latin noun like ventus can mean:

• wind
• the wind
• sometimes even a wind

You determine the best English translation from context.

That is why Ventus frigidus pedes puellae laedit can be translated with the even though no separate Latin word means the.

Laedit is the 3rd person singular present active indicative of laedo, laedere, meaning harm, injure, or hurt.

So laedit means:

• he/she/it harms
• he/she/it hurts
• he/she/it injures

Here the subject is ventus frigidus, which is singular, so the verb is singular too.

Because Latin word order is much more flexible than English word order.

In English, word order does most of the grammatical work:

• The wind hurts the girl’s feet

In Latin, the endings show what each word is doing, so the verb often comes at the end:

• Ventus frigidus pedes puellae laedit

This final-verb order is very common in Latin, though not mandatory.

Yes. In Latin, adjectives can come before or after the noun.

So both of these are possible:

• ventus frigidus
• frigidus ventus

They mean the same thing: cold wind.

Sometimes word order can create a slight difference in emphasis or style, but at a basic level both are normal Latin.

Yes, often it could.

Because Latin relies heavily on case endings, you could reorder the words without changing the basic meaning. For example:

• Pedes puellae ventus frigidus laedit
• Ventus pedes puellae frigidus laedit would be less neatly grouped, but the grammar still points to the same basic roles
• Puellae pedes ventus frigidus laedit

The most natural order may vary, but the endings still tell you:

• ventus = subject
• pedes = direct object
• puellae = dependent genitive
• laedit = verb

Because the sentence is talking about feet, not foot.

Latin marks that with the plural form pedes.

Compare:

• pes = foot
• pedes = feet

So pedes puellae means the girl's feet, not the girl's foot.

Formally, pedes can be either nominative plural or accusative plural.

That happens with many 3rd-declension nouns.

But here it must be accusative plural, because:

• ventus is already the nominative subject
• laedit needs a direct object
• pedes is the thing being hurt

So even though the form itself could be ambiguous, the sentence structure makes its role clear.

They are:

• ventus, venti = wind
• frigidus, frigida, frigidum = cold
• pes, pedis = foot
• puella, puellae = girl
• laedo, laedere, laesi, laesum = hurt, injure, harm

A learner often wants to identify these dictionary forms because they help you look words up and understand how the forms in the sentence were built.