Imber agricolam laborare prohibet.

The subject is imber because it is in the nominative case. In Latin, the nominative usually marks the doer of the action.

So here:

• imber = the rain → subject
• prohibet = prevents
• agricolam = the farmer → object
• laborare = to work / from working

Even though English depends heavily on word order, Latin often shows sentence roles by endings instead.

The ending -am shows that agricolam is accusative singular. The accusative case is commonly used for the direct object.

Here, the farmer is the person affected by the verb prohibet:

• agricola = farmer
• agricolam = the farmer (as object)

So imber agricolam prohibet means the rain prevents the farmer.

After prohibet, Latin commonly uses an infinitive to say what someone is prevented from doing.

So:

• agricolam laborare prohibet = prevents the farmer from working

In English, we often say from working with a preposition + -ing form.
Latin instead uses:

• accusative noun
  • infinitive

So agricolam laborare literally means something like the farmer to work, but in natural English it becomes the farmer from working or the farmer from doing work.

Because Latin does not need one here.

English says:

• prevents the farmer from working

Latin can express the same idea simply with:

• agricolam laborare prohibet

So the idea of from is built into how prohibet works with the infinitive. This is a good example of Latin and English using different grammar to express the same meaning.

Prohibet is:

• 3rd person singular
• present tense
• active voice
• indicative mood

It comes from prohibeo, prohibere = to prevent, keep back, hinder

Why 3rd person singular? Because the subject imber is singular:

• imber ... prohibet = the rain prevents

Yes. Agricola, agricolae is a first-declension noun, even though it refers to a man and is usually masculine.

This is often surprising to English-speaking learners, because they may expect:

• first declension = feminine

But in Latin, declension and gender are not the same thing.

So:

• agricola = first declension
• gender = masculine

Other common masculine first-declension nouns are jobs or roles such as nauta (sailor) and poeta (poet).

Imber is nominative singular.

It is a third-declension noun:

• nominative: imber
• genitive: imbris

In this sentence, the nominative shows that rain is the subject of prohibet.

Latin often places the main verb near the end of the sentence, especially in straightforward prose. So this word order is very normal:

• Imber agricolam laborare prohibet.

English usually prefers subject–verb–object order, but Latin is more flexible because the endings already show what each word is doing.

A very literal order would be:

• Rain the farmer to work prevents

But natural English is:

• The rain prevents the farmer from working.

Yes, often they could.

Because Latin uses endings to show grammatical function, these all could express the same basic meaning:

• Imber agricolam laborare prohibet
• Agricolam imber laborare prohibet
• Laborare agricolam imber prohibet

However, word order in Latin is not random. Changing it can shift emphasis or style.

For a beginner, the safest idea is:

• endings tell you the grammar
• word order often tells you the emphasis

It can mean both, but in most beginner translations, to work is the most natural English choice.

So:

• laborare = to work

Since the meaning of the whole sentence is already known, it is still useful to notice that Latin often uses words related to labor in senses involving work, effort, and toil.

Yes. The farmer is the one doing the working.

In this sentence:

• agricolam = the person affected by prohibet
• laborare = the action that person is being prevented from doing

So the structure is:

• The rain prevents [the farmer] [from working].

The rain is not doing the working; the farmer is.

A very literal breakdown is:

• imber = rain
• agricolam = the farmer
• laborare = to work
• prohibet = prevents

So, word by word:

• Rain prevents the farmer to work

That is not good English, but it helps show the Latin structure.
The natural English meaning is:

• The rain prevents the farmer from working.