Factor olivam fracidam non accipit.

Because factor is in the nominative singular, which is the case normally used for the subject.

You can also confirm this from the verb:

• accipit = he/she/it accepts
• so the verb is 3rd person singular
• factor is also singular, so it fits as the subject

Meanwhile, olivam is in the accusative, which marks it as the direct object.

Not really. In Latin, factor means something like:

• doer
• maker
• worker
• one who does/makes

It comes from the verb facere, meaning to do or to make.

So even though English has the word factor, the Latin noun factor does not usually mean the mathematical idea. In a sentence like this, it refers to a person.

Because olivam is the accusative singular form of oliva.

That ending shows that it is the direct object of accipit: it is the thing being accepted or not accepted.

So:

• oliva = nominative singular, dictionary form
• olivam = accusative singular

This is very common for first-declension nouns.

Because fracidam is an adjective modifying olivam, and Latin adjectives must agree with the nouns they describe in:

• gender
• number
• case

Here, olivam is:

• feminine
• singular
• accusative

So the adjective has to match:

• fracida = feminine nominative singular
• fracidam = feminine accusative singular

That is why both words have matching endings.

They form a noun phrase:

• olivam = the noun
• fracidam = the adjective describing that noun

So fracidam tells you what kind of olive it is.

In Latin, adjectives often come after the noun, as they do here, though they can also come before it.

Accipit is:

• present tense
• active voice
• indicative mood
• 3rd person singular

It comes from accipio, accipere, meaning to receive or to accept.

So accipit means:

• he accepts
• she accepts
• it accepts

In this sentence, it goes with factor, so it means that the factor / worker / maker does not accept something.

Because non normally goes with the word or phrase it negates, and here it negates the verb accipit.

So:

• non accipit = does not accept

This is the most straightforward and common placement. Latin word order is flexible, but putting non before the verb is very normal.

Not as much as in English. Latin relies heavily on endings, not just word order.

So the roles are clear from the forms:

• factor = subject
• olivam fracidam = object phrase
• accipit = verb

Because of that, Latin could rearrange the sentence for emphasis, for example:

• Olivam fracidam factor non accipit
• Non accipit factor olivam fracidam

These would still mean essentially the same thing, though the emphasis might shift.

Because Latin has no articles.

So a noun like olivam can mean:

• an olive
• the olive

and factor can mean:

• a factor / worker / maker
• the factor / worker / maker

The context tells you which is most natural in English.

Because the endings match olivam, not factor.

Compare them:

• olivam = feminine accusative singular
• fracidam = feminine accusative singular

But factor is masculine nominative singular, so fracidam cannot describe it.

This is one of the big advantages of Latin agreement: the endings show which words belong together.

Yes. The verb accipio has a range of meanings, including:

• receive
• accept
• take
• sometimes hear or learn, depending on context

In this sentence, the intended meaning has already been given to the learner, but it is useful to know that Latin verbs often cover a wider range than one single English word.