Urceus coctilis calidus est.

The sentence breaks down like this:

• urceus = the subject
• coctilis = an adjective modifying urceus
• calidus = an adjective linked to the subject through est
• est = is

So the most natural reading is:

• urceus coctilis = the earthen / baked-clay jug
• calidus est = is hot

In other words, coctilis is most naturally part of the noun phrase, while calidus is the main thing being said about the jug.

Urceus is nominative singular masculine.

Why?

• It is the subject of est
• A subject of est normally stands in the nominative
• The dictionary form is urceus, a masculine noun of the second declension

So here urceus means jug / pitcher as the thing that is something.

Because they belong to different adjective patterns.

• calidus, calida, calidum is a first/second-declension adjective
• coctilis, coctile is a third-declension adjective

Latin adjectives must agree with the noun they describe in:

• gender
• number
• case

But they do not have to look the same. Different declensions use different endings.

So both adjectives agree with urceus, but they show that agreement according to their own declension patterns.

Because Latin adjectives agree with the nouns they describe in case, number, and gender.

Here:

• urceus = nominative singular masculine
• coctilis = nominative singular masculine
• calidus = nominative singular masculine

A small detail: the form coctilis can also be feminine nominative singular, because many third-declension adjectives use the same form for masculine and feminine. But here it is masculine because it goes with urceus.

Because Latin normally has no articles.

So Latin often leaves it to context whether you should understand:

• a jug
• the jug

That is completely normal. A learner coming from English often expects an article, but Latin simply does not require one.

Because Latin word order is much freer than English word order.

In straightforward prose, Latin often likes to put the verb near the end, and est very commonly appears there.

So Urceus coctilis calidus est is a perfectly natural arrangement. English would usually say The earthen jug is hot, with is in the middle, but Latin does not need to follow that pattern.

Yes. Latin can move words around much more freely than English because the endings show how the words function.

For example, you could see other orders such as:

• Calidus est urceus coctilis
• Urceus est calidus
• Coctilis urceus calidus est

But the exact order can change the emphasis or make one reading feel more natural than another.

The given order is helpful because:

• urceus coctilis stays together nicely
• calidus est comes at the end as the main statement

Yes, that is a very reasonable question.

Latin does not mark the difference between attributive and predicative adjectives as rigidly as English does. But in this sentence, the most natural reading is:

• coctilis goes closely with urceus
• calidus is the predicate with est

So the likely sense is:

• the earthenware jug is hot

rather than:

• the hot jug is earthenware

That said, context always helps. Latin readers often rely on both word order and context to decide what grouping is most natural.

It is an adjective, but it is historically related to the verb coquere.

Its sense is something like:

• baked
• fired
• earthenware

In this sentence it describes the kind or material of the jug, not an action happening now. So it functions as a normal descriptive adjective here.

Because calidus is simply the ordinary adjective meaning hot / warm.

Latin often uses a plain adjective after est to describe a state:

• calidus est = is hot
• frigidus est = is cold
• magnus est = is big

So this sentence is using a very common Latin pattern:

• subject + adjective + est

That is one of the basic ways Latin says that something is a certain way.