Diota duas ansas habet.

Diota is nominative singular. It is the subject of the sentence—the thing that has something.

So the basic structure is:

• diota = subject
• duas ansas = direct object
• habet = verb

Because diota is the subject and it is singular, the verb is also singular: habet.

Latin numbers one, two, and three usually agree with the noun they describe in gender, number, and case.

Here, ansas is:

• feminine
• plural
• accusative

So the number two must also be feminine plural accusative:

• masculine/neuter base form: duo
• feminine nominative plural: duae
• feminine accusative plural: duas

Since ansas is feminine accusative plural, duas is the correct form.

Ansas is the accusative plural of ansa, a first-declension feminine noun.

The endings are:

• nominative singular: ansa
• accusative singular: ansam
• nominative plural: ansae
• accusative plural: ansas

In this sentence, ansas is the direct object of habet, so it must be in the accusative case.

Habet is:

• 3rd person
• singular
• present tense
• active voice
• indicative mood

It comes from the verb habere, meaning to have.

So habet means he/she/it has.
Since diota is a thing, English translates it as it has.

Because the subject, diota, is singular.

• habet = has / it has (singular)
• habent = have / they have (plural)

If the subject were plural, such as diotae, then the verb would normally be plural too:

• Diotae duas ansas habent = The amphorae have two handles

So the verb matches the subject in number.

Latin does not have articles like English a/an/the.

So diota can mean, depending on context:

• a jar
• the jar
• simply jar

Likewise, ansas can mean handles or the handles, depending on context.

English has to choose an article when translating, but Latin does not.

Yes. Latin word order is more flexible than English word order because the endings show what each word is doing.

So these could all mean essentially the same thing:

• Diota duas ansas habet.
• Duas ansas diota habet.
• Diota habet duas ansas.

The endings tell you that:

• diota is the subject
• duas ansas is the object
• habet is the verb

That said, word order can still affect emphasis. For example, putting duas ansas first may emphasize two handles.

Duae ansae would be nominative plural, not accusative plural.

Compare:

• duae ansae = two handles as a subject
• duas ansas = two handles as a direct object

In this sentence, the jar is the subject, and the handles are what it has, so handles must be the object. That is why Latin uses duas ansas.

It behaves like a first-declension feminine noun in this sentence, so its form is straightforward for a learner:

• nominative singular: diota

It is a word of Greek origin, but here you can treat it as a normal first-declension noun for practical purposes.

So for understanding this sentence, the important thing is simply:

• diota = feminine singular subject

You can tell because duas agrees with ansas in:

• gender: feminine
• number: plural
• case: accusative

That agreement shows that duas modifies ansas, so together they form one noun phrase: two handles.

This is very common in Latin: adjectives and certain numbers match the nouns they describe.