myeonheojeungeul jibe dugo waseo oneureun chinguga unjeonhaesseo.

Yes, 면허증 usually means a license card/certificate, and in everyday contexts it often refers to a driver’s license.

• 면허 = license, qualification
• 증 = certificate/card/document

So 운전면허증 is the full form for driver’s license, but people often shorten it to just 면허증 when the meaning is obvious.

을/를 is the object marker. It marks 면허증 as the thing affected by the action.

Here, the action is 두고 오다 (to leave something somewhere and come), so 면허증을 means the license is the thing that was left behind.

• 면허증을 = the license (object)
• 집에 = at home
• 두고 왔어 = left it there and came

Because 집에 marks the destination/location where something is placed or remains.

In this sentence, the license was left at home, so 집에 is natural.

Compare:

• 집에 두다 = to leave/put something at home
• 집에서 공부하다 = to study at home

So:

• 에 often marks location/direction
• 에서 often marks the place where an action happens

Here, the important idea is the license ended up at home, not that leaving happened there as an activity.

두고 오다 is a very common Korean expression meaning to leave something somewhere and come back / come here.

It is made of:

• 두다 = to put, place, leave
• -고 = and
• 오다 = to come

So literally it is something like:

put/leave it somewhere and come

In natural English, that becomes:

• I left it at home
• I left it behind at home and came

Using just 두다 would not express the idea that the speaker then came away from that place.

This is about the speaker’s point of view.

• 오다 = to come
• 가다 = to go

In 두고 와서, the speaker is describing the situation from the perspective of ending up here/at the current situation after leaving it behind. So 와서 is natural: I left it at home and came.

If you used 두고 가서, it would sound like the movement is viewed as going away from the current reference point, which is not what is usually meant here.

This -고 오다 / -고 가다 distinction is very common in Korean and often depends on viewpoint rather than a direct English equivalent.

Here, -아서/어서 connects the first clause to the second and gives a reason/background.

So:

• 면허증을 집에 두고 와서 = because I left my license at home
• 오늘은 친구가 운전했어 = my friend drove today

Together: Because I left my license at home, my friend drove today.

This form can also simply connect actions in sequence in other sentences, but here it clearly has a cause-and-result feeling.

The subject is omitted, which is very normal in Korean.

From context, the person who left the license at home is understood to be the speaker. So the implied meaning is:

• (내가) 면허증을 집에 두고 와서...
• Because I left my license at home...

Korean often leaves out subjects like I, you, or he/she when they are obvious from context.

The 은 in 오늘은 marks today as the topic, and it often adds a slight sense of contrast.

So 오늘은 친구가 운전했어 can feel like:

• As for today, my friend drove
• Today, my friend drove
• possibly with the nuance today, at least, my friend drove

This can subtly imply a contrast such as:

• maybe normally I drive
• but today my friend did

Without 은, the sentence would still be understandable, but 오늘은 sounds more natural when setting up this kind of contrast.

Using 가 puts focus on who did the driving.

So 친구가 운전했어 means something like:

• It was my friend who drove
• My friend drove

This fits well because the first clause explains why the usual person did not drive, and the second clause identifies the friend as the one who did.

If you said 친구는 운전했어, it would make friend the topic, which could sound like you are contrasting the friend with someone else in a different way. It is possible in some contexts, but 친구가 is the more natural choice here.

Because the speaker is talking about what happened today as a completed event.

• 운전하다 = to drive
• 운전했어 = drove / drove it / did the driving

Even though today is not over yet, Korean often uses the past tense for something that already happened earlier in the day.

So this is completely natural.

This is a matter of speech level.

• 운전했어 = casual/informal
• 운전했어요 = polite

The sentence is in casual speech, probably used with a friend, family member, or someone close in age/status.

If you wanted a polite version, you could say:

면허증을 집에 두고 와서 오늘은 친구가 운전했어요.

Yes, in many everyday situations, 놓고 오다 is also used and can sound very natural.

Compare:

• 두고 오다 = leave something somewhere and come
• 놓고 오다 = leave/put something somewhere and come

In real speech, both are common. However, 두고 오다 is especially common for the idea of having left something behind.

So:

• 면허증을 집에 두고 와서...
• 면허증을 집에 놓고 와서...

Both can work, though 두고 와서 may sound a bit more standard here.

That is the natural implication, yes.

The logic is:

1. I left my license at home
2. So
3. My friend drove today

This strongly suggests that the speaker would normally have driven, but couldn’t, so the friend drove instead.

Korean does not need to state that explicitly because the connection is easy to understand from context.

It can be translated that way in natural English, but literally it is closer to:

I left my license at home and came, so my friend drove today.

If you specifically want to emphasize forgetting, Korean often uses verbs like:

• 깜빡하다 = to forget absentmindedly
• 놓고 오다 or 두고 오다 = to leave behind and come

In everyday English, I forgot my license at home is often the most natural translation, even though the Korean wording focuses more on leaving it behind than on the mental act of forgetting.