Learn Hardcore Korean: gageeseo mulgwa keopireul sayo. - I buy water and coffee at the store.

Korean often drops subjects when they’re clear from context. In everyday conversation, a plain sentence like this is usually understood as “I.” If you want to show the subject explicitly:

Topic: 저는 가게에서 물과 커피를 사요. (as for me…)
Subject (emphasis/contrast): 제가 가게에서 물과 커피를 사요. (I, not someone else…)

Why is it 가게에서 and not 가게에?

에서 marks the place where an action happens, so it’s used with action verbs like 사다 (to buy).
에 marks location/existence or destination. Examples:
가게에서 사요. (buy at the store)
가게에 있어요. (be at the store)
가게에 가요. (go to the store)

What does 과 in 물과 do, and when would I use 와/과 vs 하고 or (이)랑?

와/과 connect nouns (A and B). Use 와 after a vowel, 과 after a consonant. Hence 물과 커피.
In conversation, 하고 or (이)랑 are more common: 물하고 커피, 물이랑 커피.
For connecting clauses, use 그리고, not 와/과.

Why does only the last item take the object particle, as in 물과 커피를?

In a coordinated noun phrase, Korean normally attaches the case particle only to the last item:

물과 커피를 사요. If you flip the order:
커피와 물을 사요. Marking both is possible only with a pause/emphasis and sounds marked or list-like.

Why 커피를 and not 커피을? When do I use 을/를?

을 follows a consonant; 를 follows a vowel.
커피 ends in a vowel sound, so 커피를. If the last item were 물, you’d say 물을.

What is the dictionary form of 사요, and why isn’t it 사아요?

The dictionary form is 사다. The polite present uses -아요/어요. Stems with ㅏ or ㅗ take -아요, and vowels contract:

사다 → 사아요 → 사요 Other examples:
가다 → 가요
오다 → 와요
앉다 → 앉아요 (no contraction because the stem ends with a consonant)

Does 사요 mean “buy,” “am buying,” or “will buy”?

All are possible depending on context. Korean’s “present” can be:

Habitual: 보통 가게에서 사요. (I usually buy…)
Right now: 지금 가게에서 사요. (I’m buying now)
Near future (contextual): 이따가 가게에서 사요. (I’ll buy later) For clarity:
Progressive: 사고 있어요.
Planned future: 살 거예요.

How do I say it in the past or the future?

Past: 가게에서 물과 커피를 샀어요.
Future/intention: 가게에서 물과 커피를 살 거예요.
Formal vow/decision: 가게에서 물과 커피를 사겠습니다.

What’s the politeness level of 사요, and what are alternatives?

사요: polite informal (most common in daily life).
삽니다: polite formal (announcements, news, writing).
Plain/casual: 사 or 사라 (very casual; 사라 is an imperative).
Honorific subject: add -시- → 사세요. Note 사세요 can also be a polite imperative (“please buy”), so context/intonation matters.

Can I change the word order?

Yes, Korean is flexible because particles mark roles. Common flow is place/time → object → verb. For example:

가게에서 커피와 물을 사요.
커피를 가게에서 사요. Keep the verb last and retain particles for clarity.

Can I make this a question just by changing intonation?

Yes. With rising intonation:

가게에서 물과 커피를 사요? (Are you buying…?) If you’re being polite to the subject (you/they), you can say:
가게에서 물과 커피를 사세요?

How do I pronounce the whole sentence naturally?

Rough guide: ga-geh-eh-seo mul-gwa keo-pi-reul sa-yo. Notes:

과 = “gwa.”
사요 is two syllables [sa-yo] (not “sha-yo”).
Say particles lightly and keep rhythm even; no heavy stress on any one word.

How do I negate it?

Simple not: 가게에서 물과 커피를 안 사요.
More formal/literal: 가게에서 물과 커피를 사지 않아요.
Cannot (lack of ability/permission): 가게에서 물과 커피를 못 사요.

Can I drop particles like 를 or 에서?

In casual speech, the object marker is often dropped:

가게에서 물과 커피 사요. Location 에서 is also sometimes dropped if context is clear, but beginners should keep it for clarity.

Do I need counters to talk about amounts?

Yes, when you specify quantities:

가게에서 물 두 병과 커피 한 잔을 사요. (two bottles of water and one cup of coffee) Common counters: 병 (bottle), 잔 (cup), 개 (general items), 팩/캔 (pack/can).

Is 가게 the only way to say “store”?

No. Nuances differ:

가게: shop/store (everyday).
상점: shop (more formal/written).
마트: mart/supermarket.
편의점: convenience store.
백화점: department store.
시장: market (traditional).