chaeksangeseo chaegi tteoreojyeosseoyo.

책상에서 책이 떨어졌어요.chaeksangeseo chaegi tteoreojyeosseoyo.
A book fell off the desk.
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Questions & Answers about chaeksangeseo chaegi tteoreojyeosseoyo.

Why is the particle 에서 used after 책상 instead of 에?
에서 marks the location from which or at which an action occurs. Since the book “fell off” the desk (i.e. from the desk), 책상에서 is appropriate. In contrast, 에 alone would simply indicate a static location (“at the desk”), not “from the desk.”
What role does the particle 이 play in 책이?
이 is the subject marker attached to nouns ending in a consonant. Here, 책이 marks “the book” as the grammatical subject—the thing that performs the action of falling. (If the noun ended in a vowel, you would use 가 instead.)
Why isn’t 책 marked with the object marker 을/를?
The verb 떨어지다 (“to fall”) is intransitive, meaning it doesn’t take a direct object. The book isn’t being acted upon by someone; it’s performing the action of falling on its own. Therefore, you use the subject marker (이) rather than an object marker.
What’s the difference between 떨어지다 and 떨어뜨리다?
  • 떨어지다 (intransitive): “to fall” (something falls by itself)
  • 떨어뜨리다 (transitive): “to drop” (someone drops something)
    Example:
    • 컵이 떨어졌어요. → The cup fell.
    • 제가 컵을 떨어뜨렸어요. → I dropped the cup.
What does 떨어졌어요 mean, and how is it formed?

떨어졌어요 is the polite past tense of 떨어지다 (“to fall”). Formation steps:

  1. Drop 다 to get the stem: 떨어지-
  2. Add the past suffix -었 → 떨어졌- (note 지 + 었 contracts to 졌)
  3. Attach the polite ending -어요 → 떨어졌어요
Could I say 책상 위에서 책이 떨어졌어요 instead? What changes?
Yes. 위에서 (“on top of”) specifies the surface of the desk: “The book fell off the top of the desk.” Using 책상에서 without 위 is more general (“from the desk”), but both are natural in context.
Why is the order 책상에서 책이 떨어졌어요 instead of 책이 책상에서 떨어졌어요?
Korean word order is flexible because particles mark each noun’s role. Placing 책상에서 first emphasizes location (“from the desk”), while fronting 책이 emphasizes the book. Both sentences are correct; the choice depends on what you want to highlight.
What level of speech is 떨어졌어요, and what other endings could I use?

떨어졌어요 is polite informal (해요체). Other options:

  • Casual (반말): 떨어졌어
  • Formal polite (합쇼체): 떨어졌습니다
    Choose based on your relationship with the listener and the formality of the situation.