bouhantouroku wo suru.

It is read:

• 防犯登録 = ぼうはんとうろく
• をする = をする

So the full sentence is:

• ぼうはんとうろくをする。

A natural English gloss is something like to do anti-theft registration or, in real-life context, to register a bicycle.

Literally:

• 防犯 = crime prevention / anti-crime
• 登録 = registration

So 防犯登録 means crime-prevention registration.

In Japan, this usually refers to the registration of a bicycle so it can be identified if it is lost or stolen. So even though the literal meaning sounds broad, the most common real-world meaning is bicycle registration.

Because 防犯登録 is being treated as a noun here, and をする means to do that noun action.

So:

• 防犯登録 = registration
• を = marks the thing being done
• する = do

This pattern is very common in Japanese:

• 勉強をする = to study
• 運動をする = to exercise
• 予約をする = to make a reservation
• 防犯登録をする = to do the anti-theft registration

Yes, in many cases you can.

Many nouns of Chinese origin that express actions can work like suru-verbs, so both of these may be used:

• 防犯登録をする
• 防犯登録する

Both mean basically the same thing: to do/register for anti-theft registration.

However, 防犯登録をする can sound a little more clearly like perform the registration procedure, while 防犯登録する is a more compact verbal form.

Also, if you specify the thing being registered, you may often see:

• 自転車を防犯登録する = to register a bicycle

That structure is a little different, because now 自転車 is the thing being registered.

Yes.

Japanese often leaves out the subject when it is understood from context. So 防犯登録をする。 can be a complete sentence meaning things like:

• I will register it.
• You should register it.
• (We) do the registration.
• To register it.

The exact subject depends on context.

This is very normal in Japanese.

する is the plain form, while します is the polite form.

So:

• 防犯登録をする。 = plain style
• 防犯登録をします。 = polite style

The plain form is often used in:

• dictionary entries
• headings
• notes
• casual speech
• instructions written briefly

The polite form is used more in:

• formal conversation
• customer service
• polite explanations

する is the dictionary/plain non-past form.

In Japanese, the non-past can mean either:

• present/habitual: I do / I usually do
• future: I will do

So 防犯登録をする。 could mean:

• I do the registration
• I will do the registration

Context tells you which one is intended.

It is a compound noun made from two parts:

• 防犯 = crime prevention
• 登録 = registration

Japanese often combines kanji words like this into one compound. So grammatically, 防犯登録 behaves as one noun here.

No, normal Japanese writing usually does not use spaces between words.

Standard writing would be:

• 防犯登録をする。

Spaces are often added in teaching materials to make the structure easier to see for learners. So here the spaces are just helping you identify:

• 防犯登録
• を
• する

Not always in a strict dictionary sense, but very often in real-life Japanese it does.

If you see 防犯登録 in everyday life in Japan, it commonly refers to the registration system for bicycles. That is why the phrase may be used in situations like:

• buying a new bicycle
• transferring ownership
• replacing a registration sticker
• confirming registration at a bike shop

So the literal meaning is broader, but the common practical meaning is often bicycle anti-theft registration.

A few natural examples are:

• 自転車の防犯登録をする。
  To register the bicycle for anti-theft purposes.

• 店で防犯登録をします。
  I will do the anti-theft registration at the shop.

• 新しい自転車を防犯登録する。
  To register the new bicycle.

These show how the short phrase 防犯登録をする。 can fit into real usage.