Un orso cammina nel bosco.

A bear walks in the woods.

Breakdown of Un orso cammina nel bosco.

• camminare: to walk
• in: in
• il bosco: the wood
• l'orso: the bear

Questions & Answers about Un orso cammina nel bosco.

Why do we say un instead of uno before orso?

In Italian the masculine indefinite article changes with the initial sound of the noun:

• un is used before vowels and most consonants
• uno is used before nouns starting with s+consonant (es. uno studente), z (es. uno zaino), gn, ps, x, y, etc.
  Since orso begins with the vowel o, you use un.

What gender is orso, and how do you form its plural?

Orso is masculine. Regular masculine nouns ending in -o form their plural by changing -o to -i:

• singular: un orso
• plural: due orsi

What is the function of cammina, and what tense and person is it?

Cammina is the third person singular present indicative of camminare. It corresponds to he/she/it walks or [it] is walking.

Why is there no subject pronoun (like lui or esso) before cammina?

Italian is a pro-drop language: the verb ending (-a in cammina) already indicates third person singular, so the subject pronoun is usually omitted unless needed for emphasis or clarity.

What does nel mean, and why isn't it written separately as in il?

Nel is simply in + il contracted. Italian often merges prepositions with the definite article:

• in + il → nel
• in + lo → nello
• in + la → nella
• in + i → nei
• in + gli → negli
• in + le → nelle

Can I say in un bosco instead of nel bosco, and how does the meaning change?

Yes.

• nel bosco (“in the wood/woods”) uses the definite article, referring either to a specific or a generic woodland.
• in un bosco (“in a wood”) uses the indefinite article, pointing to any (unspecified) wood.

When should I use cammina versus sta camminando to express “is walking”?

• The simple present (cammina) often covers both “walks” and “is walking” in Italian.
• Use the present progressive (sta camminando) only to emphasize that the action is currently in progress, though it’s less common than in English.

Why is bosco singular when English usually says “the woods” (plural)?

Different languages handle place-names differently. In Italian, bosco (singular) is the standard term for a wood or forest. English idiomatically uses the plural woods to refer to that same concept.

Is there a difference between bosco and foresta?

Yes:

• Bosco typically denotes a smaller wood or grove.
• Foresta refers to a larger, denser forest.
  Choose bosco for modestly sized woods and foresta for extensive, wild forests.