Learn Hardcore Indonesian: Diagnosis kedua dibuat setelah hasil tes darah keluar. - The second diagnosis is made after the blood test results come out.

So diagnosis kedua dibuat sounds natural and neutral, and it doesn’t need to mention by whom; readers will assume by the doctor or by the medical team.

What exactly does kedua mean here, and why does it come after diagnosis?

Kedua here means “second” (ordinal number), not “both”.

As an ordinal number:
- diagnosis kedua = the second diagnosis
- pertanyaan kedua = the second question
When kedua means “both”, it usually stands alone or with -nya:
- keduanya = both (of them)

Position:

In Indonesian, ordinals usually come after the noun:
- bab kedua = second chapter
- anak kedua = second child
  So diagnosis kedua is the standard word order for the second diagnosis.

Why is there no subject like “the doctor” in the sentence? Who is doing dibuat?

Indonesian frequently omits the agent (the person doing the action) when:

It’s obvious from context, or
It’s not important to mention.

Diagnosis kedua dibuat… is grammatically complete even without saying oleh dokter.

If you want to make the agent explicit, common options are:

Diagnosis kedua dibuat dokter setelah… (passive with bare agent)
Diagnosis kedua dibuat oleh dokter setelah… (passive with oleh)
Dokter membuat diagnosis kedua setelah… (active voice)

All are correct; the original just chooses to keep the focus on the diagnosis, not on the doctor.

Could we say Diagnosis kedua dilakukan instead of dibuat? Is there a difference?

You can say diagnosis kedua dilakukan, but it’s less common and slightly different in nuance.

membuat diagnosis (→ diagnosis dibuat) = to make / establish / formulate a diagnosis
melakukan diagnosis (→ diagnosis dilakukan) = to perform diagnosis (more about the process of diagnosing)

In medical contexts, membuat diagnosis (and therefore diagnosis dibuat) is more idiomatic for reaching/issuing a diagnosis.
So diagnosis kedua dibuat sounds more natural for “the second diagnosis was made” than diagnosis kedua dilakukan.

What does hasil tes darah mean literally, and why not just say tes darah?

Literally:

hasil = result
tes darah = blood test

So hasil tes darah = the result of the blood test or the blood test results.

If you said only setelah tes darah keluar, it would sound like after the blood test went out/was done, which is odd.
What is actually becoming available is the result, so Indonesian uses hasil tes darah keluar = the blood test results came out (became available).

Why is tes darah used instead of something like uji darah or pemeriksaan darah?

All of these exist, but they differ in style and nuance:

tes darah
- Very common and colloquial.
- Direct loan from English test (tes).
- Widely used in everyday speech and informal writing.
uji darah / pengujian darah
- More technical or formal; often used in lab/technical contexts.
pemeriksaan darah
- Literally blood examination/check.
- Common in medical settings too, slightly more formal than tes darah.

In a neutral, general sentence like this, tes darah is perfectly natural and very widely understood.

How does setelah hasil tes darah keluar work grammatically? Is it a full clause?

Yes, setelah hasil tes darah keluar is a subordinate clause:

setelah = after
hasil tes darah = subject (the blood test results)
keluar = intransitive verb (come out / be released / appear)

So structurally:

Main clause: Diagnosis kedua dibuat
Subordinate clause (time): setelah hasil tes darah keluar

Word-for-word: Diagnosis second was-made after results test blood came-out.
That functions exactly like English: The second diagnosis was made after the blood test results came out.

Why is keluar used here? Isn’t keluar just “to go out / to exit”?

Keluar literally means to go out / to come out / to exit, but it’s also used idiomatically for things like:

hasil tes keluar = the test result comes out / is released
putusan pengadilan keluar = the court ruling comes out
pengumuman keluar = the announcement is issued

So hasil tes darah keluar is a very natural way to say the blood test results are out / have come back.

You could also say:

setelah hasil tes darah keluar
setelah hasil tes darah keluar dari lab (more explicit: from the lab)
setelah hasil tes darah keluar semuanya (after all the results came out)

Could we change the word order to Setelah hasil tes darah keluar, diagnosis kedua dibuat? Is that still correct?

Yes, that’s fully correct and very natural.

Indonesian allows both orders:

Diagnosis kedua dibuat setelah hasil tes darah keluar.
Setelah hasil tes darah keluar, diagnosis kedua dibuat.

They mean the same thing. Putting the setelah… clause at the beginning can slightly emphasize the time condition (i.e., only after the blood test results came out…), but grammatically both are fine.

Is there any difference between kedua diagnosis and diagnosis kedua?

Yes, kedua diagnosis is not natural Indonesian, while diagnosis kedua is correct.

In Indonesian:

The usual order is noun + ordinal:
- bab kedua (second chapter)
- anak pertama (first child)
- diagnosis kedua (second diagnosis)

Putting the ordinal before the noun (like second diagnosis) is an English pattern and does not transfer directly.
So you should say diagnosis kedua, not kedua diagnosis.