Learn Hardcore Indonesian: Moderator juga mengatur sesi tanya jawab supaya semua peserta dapat giliran. - The moderator also manages the Q&A session so all participants get a turn.

Here, the situation (a specific event or meeting) makes it clear we are talking about the moderator of that event, so no extra word is needed in Indonesian.

Why is Moderator capitalized? Is that always required?

It is capitalized here simply because it is the first word in the sentence.

In general:

moderator (lowercase) is the normal form for the role or job title.
It may be capitalized in some formal documents or name tags (like Moderator) as a kind of label, but that is a style choice, not a grammar rule.

So, if moderator appears in the middle of a normal sentence, it is usually lowercase:
Dalam rapat ini, moderator akan menjelaskan aturannya.

What exactly does juga mean and where can it go in the sentence?

juga means also, too, or as well.

In this sentence:
Moderator juga mengatur sesi tanya jawab…
it means the moderator did this in addition to other tasks.

Common positions:

After the subject: Moderator juga mengatur… (very natural)
After another word for emphasis: Moderator mengatur juga sesi tanya jawab… (less common, can sound awkward here)

You usually do not put juga at the very start here (Juga moderator… sounds unusual). The most natural choice in this sentence is exactly what you see: subject + juga + verb.

What does mengatur mean, and how is it formed?

mengatur means to arrange, to organize, or to manage.

It comes from:

Root: atur (arrange, put in order)
Prefix: meN- → becomes meng- before vowels or certain consonants
meN- + atur → mengatur

The prefix meN- usually turns a root into an active verb with a subject acting on an object.
So:

mengatur sesi tanya jawab = to organize the Q&A session
Subject: Moderator
Verb: mengatur
Object: sesi tanya jawab

What does sesi tanya jawab literally mean?

Breakdown:

sesi = session
tanya = ask / question
jawab = answer

tanya jawab is a fixed pairing of two verbs/nouns that together mean question and answer, like Q & A.

So sesi tanya jawab is literally question–answer session, which in natural English is a Q&A session or a question-and-answer session.

Why is there no hyphen in tanya jawab? Could it be tanya-jawab?

You will see both:

tanya jawab (with a space)
tanya-jawab (with a hyphen)

Both are used in real life; style guides differ. Many modern Indonesian texts write it as two words for common pairs like tanya jawab, jual beli, hidup mati, etc.

For learners, it is enough to know that tanya jawab functions as a single fixed expression meaning Q&A, regardless of whether there is a hyphen.

What does supaya mean here, and how is it different from agar or untuk?

In this sentence, supaya means so that or in order that. It introduces a clause that expresses purpose or desired result.

supaya semua peserta dapat giliran
= so that all participants can/get a turn

Comparison:

supaya and agar are very similar and often interchangeable.
- supaya is slightly more informal/neutral.
- agar is slightly more formal or bookish.
untuk usually links to a verb or noun phrase, not a full clause with its own subject and verb.
- untuk memberi kesempatan kepada semua peserta
  (to give an opportunity to all participants)

Here, because we have a full clause (semua peserta dapat giliran), supaya (or agar) is the natural choice.

How do we know whether dapat means can or get in dapat giliran?

dapat has two common meanings:

can / be able to (similar to bisa)
get / receive / obtain

In dapat giliran, it means to get a turn or to receive a turn.
That is the usual interpretation when dapat is followed by a noun:

dapat hadiah = get a prize
dapat pekerjaan = get a job
dapat kabar = receive news

If dapat is followed by a verb, it often means can:

dapat datang = can come
dapat melihat = can see

So context and what comes after dapat tell you which meaning is intended.

Could we say mendapat giliran instead of dapat giliran?

Yes, you can.

dapat giliran
mendapat giliran

Both are grammatical and both mean get a turn.

Nuance:

dapat on its own is very common in everyday speech and writing.
mendapat sounds a bit more formal or complete, and is very frequent in written or news-style Indonesian.

In this particular sentence, dapat giliran sounds natural and neutral.

What does giliran mean exactly? Is it the same as kesempatan?

giliran means a turn in a sequence – your place in an order of people doing something one by one.

Examples:

Sekarang giliran saya. = Now it’s my turn.
Tunggu giliran kamu. = Wait for your turn.

kesempatan means opportunity or chance in a broader sense, not necessarily about taking turns.

Dia punya kesempatan belajar di luar negeri.
= He/She has an opportunity to study abroad.

In this sentence, giliran is better than kesempatan, because it is specifically about each participant having their turn to ask questions or speak.

Why is there no plural marker on peserta? How do we know it means participants, not participant?

Indonesian nouns usually do not change form for plural. peserta can mean:

participant
participants

Plural meaning is shown by context or by words like:

semua peserta = all participants
para peserta = the participants (a group)
banyak peserta = many participants

Here, semua (all) clearly shows the plural meaning, so peserta stays in its base form.

How do we know if this sentence is past, present, or future? There is no tense marker.

Indonesian verbs normally do not change form for tense. mengatur is the same form whether the action is past, present, or future.

Time is understood from context or from time words:

tadi (earlier, just now)
kemarin (yesterday)
besok (tomorrow)
akan (will)
sedang (currently/now, for ongoing action)

So:

Kemarin, moderator juga mengatur sesi tanya jawab…
= Yesterday, the moderator also organized… (past)
Sekarang, moderator juga mengatur sesi tanya jawab…
= Now, the moderator is also organizing… (present)

Without any time word, you rely on the broader context in the conversation or text. In many explanations or narratives, English will translate it as past: The moderator also organized…

Is the word order here fixed, or could we move parts around?

The basic word order is Subject–Verb–Object–(Purpose clause), and that is the most natural:

Moderator (subject)
juga mengatur (verb phrase)
sesi tanya jawab (object)
supaya semua peserta dapat giliran (purpose clause)

You can sometimes move the purpose clause to the front for emphasis or in writing:

Supaya semua peserta dapat giliran, moderator juga mengatur sesi tanya jawab.

This is still correct and means the same thing, just with a different emphasis.

Moving the verb and object around inside the main clause (for example, putting sesi tanya jawab before mengatur) usually sounds unnatural in Indonesian, so the given order is best.