Learn Hardcore Indonesian: Guru mengatur jadwal latihan kebugaran setiap pagi. - The teacher arranges the fitness training schedule every morning.

a regular school teacher who organizes a fitness routine for students, or
a PE teacher / instructor (still naturally called guru olahraga in Indonesian).

If you specifically mean a fitness coach at a gym, Indonesians would more naturally say:

pelatih kebugaran = fitness coach / trainer
instruktur kebugaran = fitness instructor

So guru by itself is usually understood as a school teacher, not a professional gym trainer.

How can guru mean both a teacher and the teacher? Where are the articles?

Indonesian does not use articles like a and the.

So guru can mean:

a teacher, one teacher, teachers in general, or
the teacher (a specific one already known in the context)

Which one is meant is decided by context, not grammar.

To make it clearly specific, you can add a determiner:

guru itu = that teacher / the teacher (already known)
seorang guru = a (single) teacher
para guru = the teachers (group, plural, polite/formal)

In your sentence, Guru mengatur…, it is usually understood as the teacher in the given situation, but it could also be a teacher in a more general statement.

What does mengatur mean exactly? Is it like to arrange, to organize, or to control?

Mengatur comes from the base verb atur (arrange, put in order) with the meN- prefix, which usually forms active verbs.

Common meanings of mengatur:

to organize / arrange
- mengatur jadwal = to organize a schedule
to set / plan
- mengatur rencana = to set up a plan
to regulate / control
- mengatur lalu lintas = to control/organize traffic
- mengatur napas = to control your breathing

In your sentence, Guru mengatur jadwal latihan kebugaran is best understood as:

The teacher arranges / organizes the fitness training schedule.

It implies active planning and structuring, not just casually deciding on the spot.

How is jadwal latihan kebugaran structured? Which word modifies which?

The structure is:

jadwal = schedule
latihan = training / practice
kebugaran = fitness

Indonesian noun groups are usually head noun + modifier(s) after it, so:

jadwal latihan kebugaran =
- literally: schedule [of] fitness training
- natural English: the fitness training schedule

Breaking it down:

latihan kebugaran = fitness training
jadwal (latihan kebugaran) = schedule (of the fitness training)

You cannot reorder them like latihan jadwal kebugaran; that would be ungrammatical. The head stays first (jadwal), then its modifiers.

What is the difference between latihan, berlatih, and belajar?

These are related but not the same:

latihan (noun)
- meaning: practice, training, exercise (as a thing or event)
- examples:
  - latihan kebugaran = fitness training
  - latihan piano = piano practice
berlatih (verb)
- meaning: to practice, to train (to do the action)
- examples:
  - Saya berlatih piano setiap hari.
    = I practice piano every day.
  - Mereka berlatih lari di stadion.
    = They train running at the stadium.
belajar (verb)
- meaning: to study, to learn (often more mental, academic)
- examples:
  - Saya belajar bahasa Indonesia.
    = I study Indonesian.
  - Dia belajar matematika.
    = He/She studies math.

In your sentence, latihan kebugaran is a noun phrase: fitness training (the activity as a scheduled thing), not to train.

What does kebugaran mean? Is it the same as health or exercise?

Kebugaran comes from bugar (fit, in good physical condition) plus the ke- … -an noun-forming pattern.

Meaning:

kebugaran = physical fitness, being fit

It is not exactly the same as:

kesehatan = health (broader: mental, physical, overall well-being)
olahraga = sport / exercise (usually the activity of doing sports)
latihan fisik = physical training

So:

latihan kebugaran = fitness training (aimed at improving fitness)
latihan olahraga = sports practice
kesehatan = the state of being healthy in general

How do we know the tense? Could this sentence mean arranged, arranges, or will arrange?

Indonesian verbs are not marked for tense the way English verbs are.
Mengatur itself is neutral: it does not show past, present, or future.

The tense or time reference comes from:

time words (like kemarin, tadi, nanti)
context

In your sentence:

setiap pagi = every morning

This usually implies a habit or routine, so the most natural English reading is:

The teacher arranges the fitness training schedule every morning.

But grammatically, the same Indonesian sentence could be translated in different ways depending on context:

The teacher arranges the schedule every morning. (habit, present)
The teacher used to arrange the schedule every morning. (past, if context is past)
The teacher will arrange the schedule every morning. (future habit, if clearly about the future)

Indonesian leaves this to context; it does not change the verb form.

Is setiap pagi always placed at the end? Can I move it to the beginning?

You can move setiap pagi around; Indonesian word order is quite flexible for time expressions.

All of these are grammatical:

Guru mengatur jadwal latihan kebugaran setiap pagi.
Setiap pagi guru mengatur jadwal latihan kebugaran.
Guru setiap pagi mengatur jadwal latihan kebugaran.

Nuances:

Version 1 (your sentence) is very common and neutral.
Version 2 puts a bit more emphasis on every morning as the time frame.
Version 3 is also fine and pretty natural in speech.

So yes, setiap pagi at the beginning is okay and sometimes used for emphasis on the routine.

What is the difference between setiap pagi, tiap pagi, and pagi-pagi?

They are related but not identical:

setiap pagi
- literal: every morning
- neutral, suitable in both spoken and written Indonesian.
tiap pagi
- shorter, more informal version of setiap pagi
- very common in speech, also acceptable in writing.
- meaning is basically the same as setiap pagi.
pagi-pagi
- means early in the morning; emphasizes early, not repetition.
- examples:
  - Dia bangun pagi-pagi. = He/She gets up early in the morning.
  - Pagi-pagi sekali = very early in the morning.

So:

setiap pagi / tiap pagi = every morning (habit)
pagi-pagi = early in the morning (time of day, not about repetition)

How do we say The fitness training schedule is arranged by the teacher every morning in Indonesian?

That is the passive voice in English.
In Indonesian you can use a passive form:

Jadwal latihan kebugaran diatur guru setiap pagi.

Breakdown:

jadwal latihan kebugaran = the fitness training schedule
diatur = is arranged (passive of mengatur)
guru = by the teacher (the oleh is often omitted)
setiap pagi = every morning

You could also say:

Jadwal latihan kebugaran diatur oleh guru setiap pagi.

Adding oleh is more explicit but often unnecessary in everyday Indonesian.

Is it clear whether guru here is singular or plural? How do you say the teachers?

Indonesian does not mark plural on nouns the way English does.
So guru can mean:

teacher / a teacher
the teacher
teachers (if the context clearly involves more than one)

To make plural clearer, people often add a plural marker:

para guru = (the) teachers (polite, collective; often used for respected groups)
banyak guru = many teachers
guru-guru = teachers (plural formed by repetition; often used, but sometimes avoided for human professions in formal language, where para is preferred)

So:

Para guru mengatur jadwal latihan kebugaran setiap pagi.
= The teachers arrange the fitness training schedule every morning.

Could you make the sentence more explicitly this specific teacher instead of just guru?

Yes, you can make the teacher specific with demonstratives or possessives:

Guru itu mengatur jadwal latihan kebugaran setiap pagi.
= That teacher / the (aforementioned) teacher arranges the fitness training schedule every morning.
Guru saya mengatur jadwal latihan kebugaran setiap pagi.
= My teacher arranges the fitness training schedule every morning.
Guru olahraga itu mengatur jadwal latihan kebugaran setiap pagi.
= That PE teacher arranges the fitness training schedule every morning.

Each added word (itu, saya, olahraga) helps specify which teacher is meant.