Ég les kennslubók þar til ég sef.

I read a textbook until I sleep.

Breakdown of Ég les kennslubók þar til ég sef.

• ég: I
• lesa: to read
• sofa: to sleep
• kennslubók: the textbook
• þar til: until

Questions & Answers about Ég les kennslubók þar til ég sef.

Why is les used here, and what verb is it from?

Les is the 1st person singular present tense of the verb að lesa (to read).

Present tense forms of að lesa:

• ég les – I read / I am reading
• þú lest – you read
• hann / hún / það les – he / she / it reads

Past tense:

• ég las – I read (past)
• við lásum – we read (past)

Icelandic has only one present tense, so ég les can mean both I read (generally) and I am reading (right now), depending on context.

What does kennslubók literally mean, and why does it look like that?

Kennslubók is a compound noun:

• kennsla – teaching, instruction
• bók – book

So kennslubók literally means teaching-book / instructional book, usually translated as textbook.

Grammatically, here it is:

• feminine gender
• singular
• accusative case (because it is the direct object of lesa)

For this noun, the nominative and accusative singular have the same form (kennslubók), so you don’t see a change in spelling, even though the case is accusative.

Why is there no word for a before kennslubók?

Icelandic has no indefinite article (no word for a / an).

• kennslubók can mean a textbook or (some) textbook, depending on context.
• To make it definite (like the textbook), you don’t add a separate word; instead you add a definite ending:
  
  • kennslubókin – the textbook

So:

• Ég les kennslubók. – I read a textbook.
• Ég les kennslubókina. – I read the textbook.

Could I say Ég les kennslubókina instead, and how would that change the meaning?

Yes, that is correct Icelandic, but the meaning changes slightly.

• Ég les kennslubók. – I read a textbook (not specific, just some textbook).
• Ég les kennslubókina. – I read the textbook (a specific textbook that both speaker and listener know about — for example, the one for a certain course).

The ending -ina on kennslubókina makes it definite feminine singular accusative.

What does þar til mean, and how is it used?

Þar til means until when talking about time.

Structure:

• [main clause] + þar til + [subordinate clause]

Examples:

• Ég les kennslubók þar til ég sef.
  I read a textbook until I sleep.
• Ég bíð þar til þú kemur.
  I wait until you come.

It works like an “until”-conjunction, introducing a clause with a subject and a finite verb (ég sef, þú kemur, etc.), not just a bare noun or time expression.

Is there a difference between þar til and þangað til?

Both þar til and þangað til are commonly used with the meaning until, and in everyday speech they often overlap.

Rough tendencies:

• þar til – more neutral and often used about time:
  
  • Bíddu þar til hann kemur. – Wait until he comes.
• þangað til – historically more linked to movement toward a point, but in practice many speakers also use it freely for time:
  
  • Bíddu þangað til hann kemur.

For your sentence, Ég les kennslubók þar til ég sef is the usual choice. Þangað til would not be wrong in colloquial speech, but þar til is stylistically safer here.

Why is the word order þar til ég sef and not þar til sef ég?

In Icelandic word order:

• In a main clause, the finite verb is usually in second position (the “V2” rule):

  • Ég les kennslubók. – subject (Ég) then verb (les).

• After a subordinating conjunction like þar til, you get a subordinate clause, and here the verb does not have to be second. Normal order is:

  • subject – verb – (object / other stuff)

So:

• þar til ég sef = until I sleep (subject ég, then verb sef) – this is the normal pattern.
• þar til sef ég would sound like a question or a very marked, unusual word order in this context.

What’s the difference between sofa and sofna, and is Ég les … þar til ég sef natural?

Two related verbs:

• sofa – to sleep (state: being asleep)
  
  • ég sef – I sleep / I am sleeping
• sofna – to fall asleep (the transition into sleep)
  
  • ég sofna – I fall asleep / I’m falling asleep

For the English idea I read until I fall asleep, many Icelandic speakers would naturally say:

• Ég les kennslubók þar til ég sofna.

Your sentence:

• Ég les kennslubók þar til ég sef.

This is grammatically correct and understandable, but it focuses more on the state “until I am (in the state of) sleeping” rather than the moment of nodding off. In everyday language … þar til ég sofna is usually more idiomatic if you mean the process of falling asleep.

Why are both verbs les and sef in the present tense, even though this can refer to the future?

Icelandic, like English, uses the present tense for:

1. General habits / routines

   • Ég les kennslubók þar til ég sef.
     → I (usually) read a textbook until I sleep (e.g. every night).

2. Near future / scheduled actions, especially when context makes it clear:

   • With a suitable context, it can mean something like:
     Tonight I’m reading a textbook until I fall asleep.

If you really want to emphasize future, you can use a future-like construction:

• Ég mun lesa kennslubók þar til ég sef. – I will read a textbook until I sleep.
• Ég ætla að lesa kennslubók þar til ég sef. – I’m going to read a textbook until I sleep.

But in many cases the simple present is perfectly natural, just as in English.

How do you pronounce Ég les kennslubók þar til ég sef?

A simplified IPA transcription (one common pronunciation):

• Ég – /jɛːɣ/
• les – /lɛːs/
• kennslubók – /ˈcʰɛnːslʏˌpouːk/
• þar – /θaːr/
• til – /tʰɪːl/
• ég – /jɛːɣ/
• sef – /sɛːv/ (final f is voiced, sounding like v)

Very rough English-style approximation:

• Ég les ≈ “yeh lays” (with a throaty g at the end of Ég)
• kennslubók ≈ “KENNS-lu-boke” (stress on the first syllable, long o like in boat)
• þar til ≈ “thar til” (with th as in thing, not this)
• ég sef ≈ “yeh sayv”

Do I need a comma before þar til in this sentence?

In modern Icelandic punctuation, no comma is required before þar til in a sentence like this, and it is typically written without one:

• Ég les kennslubók þar til ég sef.

The comma rules in Icelandic are more restrained than in some varieties of English; a short final subordinate clause like þar til ég sef is normally not separated by a comma from the main clause.