A gitár túl hangos nekem.

Hungarian often leaves out van (is) in the present tense when the sentence is simply saying that something is something.

So:

• A gitár túl hangos nekem. = The guitar is too loud for me.

This is normal in Hungarian with third-person subjects in the present tense:

• A ház nagy. = The house is big.
• A leves forró. = The soup is hot.

But in other tenses, or in some other structures, a form of to be does appear.

A is the definite article, meaning the.

So:

• a gitár = the guitar

Hungarian has two forms of the definite article:

• a
• az

Which one is used depends on the following sound:

• a gitár because gitár starts with a consonant
• az alma because alma starts with a vowel

Túl means too, in the sense of excessively.

It normally comes before the adjective or adverb it modifies:

• túl hangos = too loud
• túl drága = too expensive
• túl gyorsan = too quickly

So túl hangos works just like English too loud.

Hangos is an adjective meaning loud.

It describes the noun:

• a gitár = the guitar
• hangos = loud

In this sentence, hangos is the predicate adjective, so it tells us what the guitar is like.

You can also use hangos before a noun:

• hangos zene = loud music
• hangos gitár = a loud guitar

Nekem is the dative form of én (I / me), and here it means something like:

• for me
• to me
• in my opinion / from my point of view

So A gitár túl hangos nekem literally feels like:

• The guitar is too loud to/for me

This is a very common Hungarian way to show who is affected by something:

• Ez nekem jó. = This is good for me.
• Ez nekem drága. = This is expensive for me.
• Túl hideg nekem a víz. = The water is too cold for me.

Because én is the basic subject form (I), while nekem is the dative form (to me / for me).

Compare:

• én = I
• engem = me
• nekem = to me / for me

In this sentence, you are not the subject. A gitár is the subject. You are the person affected by the loudness, so Hungarian uses nekem.

Yes, it can be omitted if the sentence is meant more generally or if the context already makes it clear.

Compare:

• A gitár túl hangos. = The guitar is too loud.
• A gitár túl hangos nekem. = The guitar is too loud for me.

Adding nekem makes it more personal and subjective. It shows that this is specifically your experience or opinion.

The word order can change, depending on emphasis.

The neutral version is:

• A gitár túl hangos nekem.

But these are also possible:

• Nekem túl hangos a gitár.
• Túl hangos nekem a gitár.

The meaning stays very similar, but the focus changes a little:

• Nekem túl hangos a gitár. emphasizes for me
• Túl hangos nekem a gitár. emphasizes too loud

Hungarian word order is often about emphasis and information structure, not just grammar.

Usually a gitár means the guitar, so it often refers to a specific guitar already known in the conversation.

But in some contexts, Hungarian definite nouns can sound more general than English might expect, especially when talking about something obvious from the situation.

So the exact force depends on context:

• a particular guitar in the room
• the guitar sound in a performance
• the guitar part in a mix

If you wanted a guitar in the indefinite sense, you would say:

• Egy gitár túl hangos nekem.

But that sounds more like A guitar is too loud for me or One guitar is too loud for me, depending on context.

The accent in gitár shows vowel length.

• á is a long vowel
• so gitár is pronounced roughly gee-taar, with a longer a sound in the second syllable

In Hungarian, vowel length matters and can change words.

Also, stress in Hungarian is normally on the first syllable:

• GI-tár

So even though the long vowel is in the second syllable, the stress is still on the first.

You would usually add nem before the part being negated:

• A gitár nem túl hangos nekem. = The guitar is not too loud for me.

If you want to say it is not loud, that is slightly different:

• A gitár nem hangos. = The guitar is not loud.

So:

• nem túl hangos = not too loud
• nem hangos = not loud

Those are not exactly the same meaning.

Yes, but it sounds a bit more formal or literary.

Compare:

• A gitár túl hangos nekem. = natural, everyday
• A gitár túl hangos számomra. = also correct, but more formal

Both mean The guitar is too loud for me.

For normal spoken Hungarian, nekem is usually the more natural choice.