Ha sürgős eset van, azonnal felhívom az orvost.

Hungarian often uses the present tense with ha-clauses to talk about future possibilities, especially for general conditions:

• Ha sürgős eset van, ... = If there is an emergency (at any time), ...
  Using lesz (will be) is possible but tends to sound more specific/predictive (as if you expect it to happen in a particular upcoming situation). The van version is the neutral, general “if ever” condition.

No. Hungarian doesn’t have a mandatory “would” structure here. This sentence is a normal conditional pattern:

• Ha
  • clause, then a main clause in present/future meaning.
    The verb felhívom is grammatically present tense, but it commonly expresses a planned/automatic future action: I (will) call.

In Hungarian, when the ha-clause comes first, it’s typically followed by a comma:

• Ha sürgős eset van, azonnal felhívom az orvost.
  If you reverse the order, you usually don’t use a comma before ha:
• Azonnal felhívom az orvost, ha sürgős eset van. (comma often kept, but the key point is: initial subordinate clause → comma is standard)

Literally it’s urgent case:

• sürgős = urgent
• eset = case, incident, situation
  Together, sürgős eset is a common way to say an emergency/urgent situation.

van is is/there is. Hungarian uses van for existence and presence:

• (Ott) van egy orvos. = There is a doctor (there).
• Sürgős eset van. = There is an emergency.
  So the Ha ... van clause is an “if there exists/occurs ...” type condition.

The prefix fel- changes the meaning:

• hív = to call (invite / call someone, depending on context)
• felhív = to call up / phone (make a phone call to someone)
  So felhívom az orvost clearly means I phone the doctor.

Because the object is definite: az orvost = the doctor. Hungarian uses definite vs. indefinite verb conjugation:

• felhívok egy orvost = I’ll call a doctor (indefinite)
• felhívom az orvost = I’ll call the doctor (definite)
  So -om marks the definite conjugation for 1st person singular.

-t is the accusative case marker (direct object):

• az orvos = the doctor (subject form)
• az orvost = the doctor (object: the one being called)
  Many nouns take -t, sometimes with linking vowels depending on the word; orvos → orvost is straightforward.

azonnal means immediately/right away. Hungarian word order is flexible, but placement affects emphasis. Common options:

• Ha sürgős eset van, azonnal felhívom az orvost. (emphasis on immediacy)
• Ha sürgős eset van, felhívom az orvost azonnal. (also possible, slightly different rhythm)
  Putting azonnal earlier usually highlights urgency more strongly.

Grammatically yes: az is the definite article, so it implies a specific doctor that’s contextually known (your doctor, the on-call doctor, etc.). If you mean “some doctor,” you’d typically use indefinite forms:

• Ha sürgős eset van, azonnal felhívok egy orvost. = I’ll call a doctor immediately.

No, it’s optional. Hungarian can include akkor to make the “then” relationship explicit:

• Ha sürgős eset van, akkor azonnal felhívom az orvost.
  Without akkor, the sentence is still complete and very common.