A testület ellenőrzi a bizonylatot.

• A testület = the subject
• ellenőrzi = the verb
• a bizonylatot = the direct object

So this sentence has a basic subject–verb–object structure, which is also common in Hungarian for a neutral statement.

Both a words are the definite article, meaning the.

• a testület = the board / body / committee
• a bizonylatot = the document / receipt / voucher

Hungarian has two forms of the definite article:

• a before consonants
• az before vowels

Since both testület and bizonylat begin with consonants, the article is a in both places.

Because it is the direct object of the verb, and Hungarian usually marks a direct object with the accusative ending -t.

Here:

• base form: bizonylat
• object form: bizonylatot

The important case marker is -t. The o is a linking vowel added for pronunciation and to fit Hungarian vowel patterns. So the ending is not something you should think of as a completely separate word; it is a case ending attached to the noun.

Because Hungarian verbs have two main conjugation types:

• indefinite conjugation
• definite conjugation

Here the object is definite: a bizonylatot = the document/receipt.
Because of that, the verb uses the definite form:

• dictionary form / stem: ellenőriz
• 3rd person singular definite: ellenőrzi

So ellenőrzi means he/she/it checks it / the ...

Then Hungarian would normally use the indefinite conjugation of the verb.

For example:

• A testület ellenőriz egy bizonylatot.
  = The board/body checks a document.

Notice:

• egy bizonylatot is indefinite: a document
• the noun still takes the object ending -t
• but the verb changes from ellenőrzi to ellenőriz

So the object marking and the verb conjugation are related, but they are not the same thing.

It is singular.

Even though testület refers to a group or body of people, grammatically it is treated as a singular noun. That is why the verb is also singular.

So:

• A testület ellenőrzi... = singular
• A testületek ellenőrzik... = plural

No, Hungarian word order is more flexible than English word order.

The sentence A testület ellenőrzi a bizonylatot. is a neutral way to say it. But Hungarian can move things around to change emphasis, topic, or focus.

For example:

• A testület ellenőrzi a bizonylatot.
  Neutral: The board checks the document.
• A bizonylatot ellenőrzi a testület.
  The document is being highlighted as the topic or point of attention.
• A testület a bizonylatot ellenőrzi.
  This can give extra emphasis to the document as the thing being checked.

So in Hungarian, different word orders are often not about grammatical correctness, but about what is being emphasized.

A few helpful pronunciation points:

• stress is on the first syllable of each word
• s is pronounced like English sh
• sz would be English s, but there is no sz in this sentence
• ny is a soft sound somewhat like the ny in canyon
• ü and ő do not have exact English equivalents

Very rough guide:

• testület ≈ TESH-tu-let
• ellenőrzi ≈ EL-len-ur-zi
• bizonylatot ≈ BI-zony-la-tot

This is only approximate, but it helps with the main sound patterns.

It can mean either, depending on context.

Hungarian present tense often covers both:

• checks
• is checking

So A testület ellenőrzi a bizonylatot. could mean:

• The board checks the document.
• The board is checking the document.

English forces you to choose more often than Hungarian does. In Hungarian, context usually makes the meaning clear.

Because Hungarian does not need a separate object pronoun here. The noun a bizonylatot already tells you what is being checked.

Also, the verb form ellenőrzi already signals that the verb is being used with a definite object. So Hungarian often packs information into endings instead of using extra words.

That is one reason Hungarian sentences can look compact compared with English.