Hunyorogva olvasom a látásvizsgáló táblát.

Hunyorogva comes from the verb hunyorog, meaning to squint.

The ending -va/-ve makes an adverbial participle, which often expresses:

• a simultaneous action: while doing something
• or the manner of the action: doing something in a certain way

So hunyorogva olvasom means I am reading while squinting or squinting as I read.

Hungarian usually does not need a separate subject pronoun, because the verb ending already shows who is doing the action.

In olvasom, the ending tells you it means I read / I am reading.

You could add én for emphasis, but it is not necessary:

• Én olvasom a látásvizsgáló táblát. = I am reading the eye chart.

Without emphasis, leaving out én is completely normal.

This is because Hungarian has two main verb conjugation patterns:

• indefinite conjugation
• definite conjugation

Here, the object is definite: a látásvizsgáló táblát = the eye chart

Because the object is definite, Hungarian uses the definite form of the verb:

• olvasom = I read it / I am reading it

Compare:

• Olvasok. = I am reading / I read, with no definite object
• Olvasom a könyvet. = I am reading the book

So in your sentence, olvasom is required.

It can mean either, depending on context.

Hungarian simple present often covers both:

• habitual meaning: I read
• ongoing meaning: I am reading

In this sentence, the context strongly suggests an action happening right now, so English naturally uses I am reading.

Látásvizsgáló is a compound word.

It is built from:

• látás = sight, vision
• vizsgáló = examining, testing

So látásvizsgáló means something like vision-testing or used for testing vision.

In látásvizsgáló tábla, it describes what kind of board/chart it is:

• látásvizsgáló tábla = vision-testing chart, eye chart

Because it is the direct object of the verb, and Hungarian marks direct objects with the accusative ending -t.

So:

• tábla = board, chart
• táblát = board/chart as a direct object

Also, many nouns ending in -a or -e lengthen that vowel before certain suffixes:

• tábla → táblát
• mese → mesét

So the change is not just adding -t; the final vowel also changes from a to á.

A is the Hungarian definite article, meaning the.

Hungarian has two forms of the definite article:

• a before consonant sounds
• az before vowel sounds

Since látásvizsgáló begins with a consonant sound, the correct article is a.

So:

• a látásvizsgáló tábla = the eye chart

Hungarian word order is more flexible than English word order. It often depends on emphasis, focus, and what information is being highlighted.

This order is natural because it starts with the manner/simultaneous action:

• Hunyorogva = squinting / while squinting

Then comes the verb:

• olvasom = I am reading

Then the object:

• a látásvizsgáló táblát = the eye chart

So the sentence flows as:

• Squinting, I am reading the eye chart

Other word orders are possible, but they can shift emphasis.

It is written as two words in this sentence:

• látásvizsgáló
• tábla

The first part, látásvizsgáló, is itself a compound word, and it functions like a modifier of tábla.

Hungarian often creates long compounds, so it is very common to see structures like this:

• one compound word modifying another noun

So the full phrase is not a single giant word here, even though one of its parts already is.

Yes. Both are good ways to understand it.

Depending on the English sentence, -va/-ve forms can correspond to:

• squinting
• while squinting
• as I squint

In this sentence, all of those capture the basic idea well. The key point is that the squinting happens at the same time as the reading.