A terv kiváló.

A is the Hungarian definite article, so here it means the.

• a is used before words that begin with a consonant: a terv
• az is used before words that begin with a vowel: az ötlet

Unlike English, this choice is based on sound, not meaning. Hungarian articles also do not change for gender.

In Hungarian, the verb to be is usually left out in the present tense, third person, when the sentence means something like X is Y.

So:

• A terv kiváló. = The plan is excellent.

But the verb appears in other situations, for example:

• Én kiváló vagyok. = I am excellent.
• A terv kiváló volt. = The plan was excellent.
• A terv kiváló lesz. = The plan will be excellent.

This missing is is one of the most important differences from English.

Both patterns exist, but they mean different things.

• a kiváló terv = the excellent plan
  
  • here kiváló is an adjective directly describing the noun
• A terv kiváló. = The plan is excellent.
  
  • here kiváló is the predicate: it says something about the subject

So in your sentence, kiváló is not just attached to the noun; it is the main description in the sentence.

Yes. That is possible, but it changes the emphasis.

• A terv kiváló. = neutral statement
• Kiváló a terv. = stronger focus on excellent

So Kiváló a terv is a bit like saying The plan is excellent with extra stress on excellent.

Terv is in the basic dictionary form, which here functions as the subject of the sentence.

Hungarian often leaves the subject in a plain, unmarked form when it is the doer or topic of the sentence. So:

• terv = plan / a plan / the plan depending on context
• a terv = the plan

There is no special subject ending here.

If it were an object, it would look different:

• Látom a tervet. = I see the plan.

Here tervet has the object ending -t.

Normally, no—not in an ordinary sentence with this meaning.

If you mean the plan, you usually need the article:

• A terv kiváló.

Without the article, Terv kiváló sounds unnatural in normal speech. It might appear in very telegraphic styles, notes, or unusual contexts, but it is not the standard way to say The plan is excellent.

A rough guide:

• A = a short open vowel, roughly like the o in British hot
• terv = terv, with e like in bed
• kiváló = roughly kee-VAA-loh

A more careful breakdown:

• Hungarian stress is almost always on the first syllable of each word
• kiváló has long vowels: á and ó are held a little longer

So the whole sentence is roughly:

a TERV ki-VAA-loh

No. Hungarian has no grammatical gender.

That means nouns are not masculine, feminine, or neuter, and adjectives and articles do not change for gender. So Hungarian does not make the kind of distinctions you see in languages like German or French.

You would say:

A tervek kiválóak.

Changes:

• terv → tervek = plans
• kiváló → kiválóak = excellent in plural predicate form

Notice that Hungarian still does not add a separate word for are here. The plural is shown by the noun and the predicate adjective.

You would say:

• Ez a terv kiváló. = This plan is excellent.
• Az a terv kiváló. = That plan is excellent.

A useful thing to notice is that Hungarian uses both the demonstrative and the article together:

• ez a terv = this plan
• az a terv = that plan

So plain A terv kiváló means The plan is excellent, not specifically this or that plan.