A tápoldat az üvegben van.

Hungarian has one definite article, but it has two forms:

• a before a word that begins with a consonant
• az before a word that begins with a vowel

So:

• A tápoldat = the nutrient solution
• az üvegben = in the bottle / in the glass / in the jar

Because üvegben begins with ü, which is a vowel, Hungarian uses az.

The ending -ben means in.

So:

• üveg = glass / bottle / jar
• üvegben = in the glass / bottle / jar

Hungarian often uses endings instead of separate prepositions. Where English says in the bottle, Hungarian says something more like the bottle-in.

This is due to vowel harmony, a very important feature of Hungarian.

The ending for in has two common forms:

• -ban after back-vowel words
• -ben after front-vowel words

üveg contains front vowels (ü, e), so it takes -ben:

• üvegben

A back-vowel example would be:

• házban = in the house

No. -ben only means in. It does not include the.

So the parts are:

• az = the
• üvegben = in glass / in bottle / in jar

Together:

• az üvegben = in the glass / bottle / jar

Hungarian keeps the definite article even when the noun has a case ending.

Van means is.

So the full sentence is structured like:

• A tápoldat = the nutrient solution
• az üvegben = in the bottle / glass / jar
• van = is

Literally: The nutrient solution in the bottle is.

Hungarian word order is often different from English. In a neutral sentence like this, putting van at the end is completely normal.

No, not in this sentence.

Hungarian often omits is in simple identification sentences in the present tense:

• A fiú magas. = The boy is tall.
• Péter orvos. = Péter is a doctor.

But when talking about location, Hungarian normally keeps van:

• Péter otthon van. = Péter is at home.
• A tápoldat az üvegben van. = The nutrient solution is in the bottle.

So here van is required.

Hungarian word order is flexible, but it reflects focus and information structure, not just basic grammar.

A tápoldat az üvegben van is a neutral way to say:

• the topic: A tápoldat
• then the location: az üvegben
• then the verb: van

You may also hear:

• Az üvegben van a tápoldat.

This would sound more like The nutrient solution is in the bottle with special attention on the location, or as an answer to Where is the nutrient solution?

So both can be possible, but they are not always used in exactly the same context.

Üveg can mean several related things depending on context:

• glass as a material
• glass as a drinking vessel
• bottle
• sometimes jar

So az üvegben van could mean:

• it is in the glass
• it is in the bottle
• it is in the jar

The correct English translation depends on the situation. If the meaning has already been shown to you, that context tells you which one is intended.

Hungarian often forms compound nouns as a single word.

Here:

• táp relates to nourishment / nutrients
• oldat = solution

Together:

• tápoldat = nutrient solution

Writing compounds as one word is very common in Hungarian.

Yes, it is definite because of the article A before tápoldat.

• A tápoldat = the nutrient solution
• Egy tápoldat = a nutrient solution

So if you changed the sentence to:

• Egy tápoldat az üvegben van.

that would mean A nutrient solution is in the bottle/jar/glass, though in real usage the word order might be adjusted depending on context.

Normally, no, not if you mean in the bottle.

Without the article, üvegben would sound more like in glass or in a glass container, depending on context, and it would not be the normal way to say in the bottle when a specific bottle is meant.

So:

• az üvegben = in the bottle / in the glass
• üvegben = in glass / in a glass container / in bottle, in a more general or article-less sense

For the specific meaning in your sentence, az üvegben is the natural form.

A very common question would be:

• Hol van a tápoldat? = Where is the nutrient solution?

Answer:

• A tápoldat az üvegben van. = The nutrient solution is in the bottle.

You could also ask a yes/no question by intonation:

• A tápoldat az üvegben van? = Is the nutrient solution in the bottle?

A very literal breakdown is:

• A = the
• tápoldat = nutrient solution
• az = the
• üveg-ben = glass/bottle/jar + in
• van = is

So, literally:

The nutrient solution the bottle-in is.

That sounds unnatural in English, but it helps show how Hungarian builds meaning.