A sajt romlandó.

In Hungarian, the verb van (to be) is usually left out in the present tense, third person when the predicate is a noun or adjective.

So:

• A sajt romlandó. = The cheese / Cheese is perishable.

But in other persons, van appears:

• Romlandó vagyok. = I am perishable
• Romlandó vagy. = You are perishable

This zero-copula pattern is very common in Hungarian.

Yes, a is the definite article, meaning the.

However, in Hungarian, the definite article is often used for generic statements too, where English may use no article:

• A sajt romlandó. = Cheese is perishable.
• A kutya hűséges. = Dogs are loyal / The dog is a loyal animal.

So here a sajt can mean:

• the cheese in a specific context, or
• cheese in general

The context tells you which one is meant.

Hungarian often prefers the article in general statements like this. A bare noun such as sajt is possible in some contexts, but A sajt romlandó sounds much more natural and standard for a general truth.

So for a learner, the safest choice here is:

• A sajt romlandó.

rather than:

• Sajt romlandó. (possible in special styles, but not the normal neutral sentence)

Romlandó is an adjective meaning perishable, liable to spoil, or going bad easily.

In this sentence, it is a predicate adjective: it tells you a quality of a sajt.

Compare:

• romlandó sajt = perishable cheese
  here the adjective is directly before the noun

• A sajt romlandó. = The cheese is perishable.
  here the adjective is the predicate

Yes. It is related to the verb romlik, which means to spoil, to go bad, or to deteriorate.

The ending -andó / -endő can form an adjective from a verb. In many cases, it gives a meaning like:

• liable to
• to be
• meant to be

So romlandó is basically something that can go bad / tends to spoil.

It is a real and correct word, but it can sound a bit formal, descriptive, or label-like.

You may see it in expressions such as:

• romlandó áru = perishable goods

In everyday speech, Hungarians might also say things like:

• A sajt könnyen megromlik. = Cheese goes bad easily.
• A sajt hamar megromlik. = Cheese spoils quickly.

So A sajt romlandó is correct, but slightly more like a definition or classification.

Adjectives come before the noun when they directly modify it:

• romlandó sajt = perishable cheese

But in A sajt romlandó, the adjective is not directly modifying the noun inside one noun phrase. Instead, it is the predicate of the sentence.

So the structure is:

• A sajt = the subject
• romlandó = the predicate adjective

That is why the adjective comes after the noun here.

Yes, that is possible.

Hungarian word order is flexible, and changing the order often changes the focus or emphasis.

• A sajt romlandó. = neutral statement
• Romlandó a sajt. = puts more emphasis on perishable

So the second version may sound like:

• The cheese is perishable
• or even It’s the cheese that is perishable

For a basic neutral sentence, A sajt romlandó is the best pattern to learn first.

A simple English-friendly approximation is:

• aw shoyt ROM-lawn-doh

A few helpful pronunciation points:

• s in Hungarian = English sh
• j = English y
• ó is a long o
• stress is on the first syllable of each word

So:

• sajt sounds roughly like shoyt
• romlandó is stressed on ROM

A more accurate pronunciation is approximately:

• [ɒ ʃɒjt ˈromlɒndoː]

Usually not for the general meaning.

• egy sajt means a cheese or one cheese
• a sajt can mean the cheese or cheese in general

So if you want the general idea Cheese is perishable, Hungarian normally uses:

• A sajt romlandó.

If you say:

• Egy sajt romlandó

it sounds more like you are talking about one particular cheese or a single cheese item, not cheese as a substance or category.

Sajt is in the singular nominative form, which is the basic dictionary form of the noun.

There is no special case ending here because sajt is the subject of the sentence.

So:

• a sajt = the cheese / cheese
• no extra ending is needed

This is the simplest noun form you can have in Hungarian.