נשארו פירורים על השולחן, כי הילדים אכלו עוגיות בסלון.

Hebrew often allows the verb to come before the subject, especially in past-tense narrative or descriptive sentences. So נשארו פירורים is a very natural way to say crumbs remained / there were crumbs left.

You could also say פירורים נשארו על השולחן, but that puts more emphasis on the crumbs themselves. The original word order sounds more neutral and natural here.

Because the subject פירורים is plural.

• פירור = a crumb
• פירורים = crumbs

In the past tense, Hebrew verbs agree with the subject in gender and number, so with a masculine plural subject you get נשארו.

The dictionary form is להישאר, meaning to remain / to stay / to be left.

In this sentence:

• נשארו = they remained / were left
• It is past tense, 3rd person plural

So literally, נשארו פירורים is something like crumbs remained.

Using נשארו adds the idea that the crumbs were left over after something happened. It suggests a result.

• היו פירורים על השולחן = there were crumbs on the table
• נשארו פירורים על השולחן = crumbs were left on the table

So נשארו is more specific and fits the idea that the children ate cookies and left crumbs behind.

Because both nouns are indefinite here.

• פירורים = crumbs
• עוגיות = cookies

If the sentence meant the crumbs or the cookies, Hebrew would normally use the definite article:

• הפירורים = the crumbs
• העוגיות = the cookies

So the sentence is talking about crumbs and cookies in a general, indefinite sense.

השולחן means the table.

Hebrew adds definiteness with the prefix ה־. So:

• שולחן = table
• השולחן = the table

This usually means the speaker has a specific table in mind, or the table is understood from context.

The preposition על means on or on top of. Unlike some one-letter Hebrew prepositions such as ב־, ל־, and כ־, על is written as a separate word.

So:

• על השולחן = on the table

There is no contraction here; this is the normal form.

כי means because here. It introduces the reason:

• נשארו פירורים על השולחן = crumbs were left on the table
• כי הילדים אכלו עוגיות בסלון = because the children ate cookies in the living room

So כי connects the result with its cause.

Because its subject is הילדים = the children, which is plural.

• אכל = he ate
• אכלה = she ate
• אכלו = they ate

Since הילדים is masculine plural grammatically, the verb appears as אכלו.

Grammatically, ילדים is the masculine plural form of children / boys.

• ילד = boy / child
• ילדים = boys / children
• ילדות = girls

In Hebrew, the masculine plural can also be used for a mixed group of boys and girls. So הילדים may mean the boys or the children, depending on context.

Because ב־ is a prefix preposition meaning in / at, and it attaches directly to the noun.

So:

• סלון = living room
• בסלון = in the living room / in a living room

This is normal for Hebrew prepositions like ב־, ל־, and כ־.

In unpointed Hebrew spelling, בסלון can represent either one.

With ניקוד, the difference would be clearer:

• בְּסָלוֹן = in a living room
• בַּסָּלוֹן = in the living room

But in everyday unpointed writing, both are written בסלון, and context tells you which meaning is intended. In this sentence, English will usually translate it as in the living room.

Yes. Hebrew allows both:

• נשארו פירורים על השולחן
• פירורים נשארו על השולחן

Both are grammatical, but they do not feel exactly the same. The original version, with the verb first, sounds more natural and flowing in this context. The version with פירורים first gives a bit more emphasis to crumbs.

It helps separate the main clause from the reason clause:

• נשארו פירורים על השולחן
• כי הילדים אכלו עוגיות בסלון

In modern Hebrew punctuation, a comma before כי is common when the second clause gives an explanation or reason. In informal writing, people may sometimes omit it, but the comma is perfectly normal here.