בואי נבדוק אם יש מושב פנוי ליד החלון.

בואי literally means come when speaking to one female.

But in very common spoken Hebrew, בואי (to a woman) and בוא (to a man) are often used like come on, let’s... or let’s...

So here:

בואי נבדוק = come, let’s check / let’s check

It is not just a literal command to physically come somewhere. It often introduces a suggested action.

Because בואי is the imperative form used when addressing a singular female.

• בוא = to one male
• בואי = to one female
• בואו = to more than one person

So this sentence is being said to a woman.

Examples:

• בוא נבדוק = said to a man: let’s check
• בואי נבדוק = said to a woman: let’s check
• בואו נבדוק = said to a group: let’s check

Great question. נבדוק is first person plural future of לבדוק (to check), and Hebrew commonly uses the first person plural future to express let’s ...

So:

• נבדוק literally = we will check
• in this context = let’s check

The idea is:

• בואי addresses one female listener
• נבדוק includes both speaker and listener: let’s check / we’ll check

So the structure is perfectly natural: בואי נבדוק = Come on, let’s check

Here אם means whether, even though it is often translated as if.

In English, after verbs like check, see, know, ask, we often use whether/if:

• Let’s check if there is...
• I don’t know if...
• She asked whether...

So in this sentence:

נבדוק אם יש... = let’s check whether/if there is...

Both if and whether are possible English translations here, but grammatically the Hebrew אם is introducing an indirect yes/no question.

יש means there is / there are or exists / available.

So:

• יש מושב פנוי = there is an available seat
• more naturally: there’s a free seat

Hebrew does not need a separate word exactly like English there in this structure. יש does the job by itself.

Examples:

• יש זמן = there is time
• יש בעיה = there is a problem
• יש מקום? = is there room?

מושב means seat. It is a perfectly correct word, especially for an actual seat in a vehicle, theater, airplane, etc.

Depending on context, Hebrew can also use other words:

• כיסא = chair
• מקום = place/spot/seat in many everyday situations

So:

• מושב פנוי = an empty/available seat
• יש מקום פנוי? = is there a free spot/seat? (very common in speech)

Because פנוי is describing מושב, and מושב is a masculine singular noun.

Adjectives in Hebrew must agree with the noun in gender and number.

So:

• מושב פנוי = masculine singular
• מכונית פנויה = feminine singular
• מושבים פנויים = masculine plural
• מכוניות פנויות = feminine plural

Since מושב is masculine singular, פנוי must also be masculine singular.

Here פנוי means free, available, or unoccupied.

So מושב פנוי is:

• a free seat
• an available seat
• an unoccupied seat

The adjective פנוי can also mean free in other contexts:

• אני פנוי מחר = I’m free tomorrow (male speaker)
• היא פנויה עכשיו = she’s available/free now

So the core idea is not occupied / available.

Because the sentence is talking about any free seat, not a specific known seat.

Compare:

• מושב פנוי = a free seat / any free seat
• המושב הפנוי = the free seat (a specific one)

In this sentence, the speaker is checking whether there is some available seat, so the indefinite form is natural:

אם יש מושב פנוי = if there is a free seat

Because החלון means the window, a definite noun, while מושב here is indefinite.

• חלון = window
• החלון = the window

In the phrase:

ליד החלון = by/next to the window

Hebrew often uses the definite article when referring to a familiar object in the setting, like the window of the bus, train, plane, etc.

So the sentence means: a free seat by the window

not the free seat by a window

ליד means next to, beside, or by.

So:

• ליד החלון = next to the window / by the window

It is a very common preposition.

Examples:

• ליד הדלת = next to the door
• ליד הבית = next to the house
• הוא יושב לידי = he is sitting next to me

Note that ליד is often followed by:

• a noun: ליד החלון
• or a suffix/pronoun form: לידי (next to me), לידך (next to you), etc.

The sentence breaks down like this:

• בואי = come on
• נבדוק = let’s check
• אם = whether/if
• יש = there is
• מושב פנוי = a free seat
• ליד החלון = by the window

So literally it is something like:

Come, let’s check whether there is a free seat by the window.

This word order is very natural in Hebrew. The clause after אם works like an embedded question:

• if there is a free seat by the window

A common pronunciation is:

bo’i nivdok im yesh moshav panui leyad hachalon

A few notes:

• בואי = bo’i
• נבדוק = nivdok
• אם = im
• יש = yesh
• מושב = moshav
• פנוי = panui
• ליד = leyad
• החלון = hachalon

In modern Hebrew speech, exact vowel quality can vary a bit, but this is a good practical guide.

Yes. Hebrew has several natural alternatives, depending on tone and context.

Some possibilities:

• בואי נראה אם יש מקום ליד החלון.
  Let’s see if there’s a seat/place by the window.

• בואי נבדוק אם יש מקום פנוי ליד החלון.
  Let’s check if there’s a free spot by the window.

• נראה אם יש מושב פנוי ליד החלון.
  Let’s see if there’s a free seat by the window.

Using מקום instead of מושב is often very common in everyday speech, especially when you mean space/spot/seat in a practical sense.