הגב שלי כואב קצת, וגם הכתף שלי כואבת אחרי האימון.

Because the verb כואב / כואבת agrees with the noun that hurts.

• גב = back and it is masculine singular, so: הגב שלי כואב
• כתף = shoulder and it is feminine singular, so: הכתף שלי כואבת

This is very common in Hebrew:

• הראש כואב = the head hurts
• היד כואבת = the hand hurts

So even though in English we often use my back hurts, in Hebrew the verb still changes for gender and number.

Hebrew usually expresses possession with שלי = mine / my after the noun.

So:

• הגב שלי = literally the back of mine
• הכתף שלי = literally the shoulder of mine

This is one of the most basic ways to say my + noun in Modern Hebrew.

Examples:

• הספר שלי = my book
• הבית שלי = my house
• היד שלי = my hand

With body parts, this structure is especially common.

The ה is the definite article, meaning the.

So:

• גב = back
• הגב = the back
• כתף = shoulder
• הכתף = the shoulder

When Hebrew says הגב שלי, it literally means the back of mine, which is the normal Hebrew way to say my back.

So even though English says my back without the, Hebrew usually uses the + noun + שלי.

In this sentence, כואב / כואבת works like hurts / is painful.

In everyday Hebrew, learners often experience it as a verb-like word:

• הגב כואב = the back hurts
• הכתף כואבת = the shoulder hurts

It comes from the root כ־א־ב, related to pain.

You will also see it in patterns like:

• כואב לי = it hurts me / I’m in pain
• כואבת לי היד = my hand hurts
  literally: the hand hurts to me

So for practical purposes, it is best to learn כואב / כואבת as the normal Hebrew way to say that something hurts.

Yes, Hebrew often uses לי with pain expressions, but it changes the feel of the sentence.

You may hear:

• כואב לי הגב = my back hurts
• הגב שלי כואב = my back hurts
• כואבת לי הכתף = my shoulder hurts

The sentence you were given, הגב שלי כואב קצת, וגם הכתף שלי כואבת אחרי האימון, is completely natural. It simply describes the back and shoulder as the things that hurt.

Adding לי can make the sentence feel a little more like it hurts me in the back/shoulder.

So:

• הגב שלי כואב = natural
• כואב לי הגב = also natural
• הגב שלי כואב לי = possible, but often less neutral than the simpler versions

קצת means a little / a bit.

In this sentence:

• הגב שלי כואב קצת = my back hurts a little

This placement is very natural in Hebrew. The adverb often comes after the verb or predicate.

Other examples:

• אני עייף קצת = I’m a little tired
• זה קשה קצת = it’s a little difficult

You might also hear:

• קצת כואב לי הגב

That is also possible, but כואב קצת is straightforward and very common.

גם means also / too.
וגם means and also.

So in the sentence:

• וגם הכתף שלי כואבת = and my shoulder also hurts

The ו at the beginning means and.

Compare:

• גם הכתף שלי כואבת = my shoulder also hurts
• וגם הכתף שלי כואבת = and my shoulder also hurts

Since this is the second part of a longer sentence, וגם fits very naturally.

Because:

• אחרי = after
• האימון = the workout / the training / the practice session

So:

• אחרי האימון = after the workout

אימון can mean different kinds of training depending on context:

• gym workout
• sports practice
• training session

If the context is exercise, the workout is a very natural translation.

אחרי is a preposition meaning after.

Hebrew prepositions usually go directly before the noun:

• אחרי האימון = after the workout
• לפני האימון = before the workout
• אחרי השיעור = after the lesson

There is no need for a separate word like of here. Hebrew simply says after + noun.

Sometimes yes, but repeating it is clearer and very natural.

Your sentence says:

• הגב שלי כואב קצת, וגם הכתף שלי כואבת...

This is clear and balanced.

In some contexts, Hebrew speakers might say:

• הגב שלי כואב קצת, וגם הכתף כואבת אחרי האימון

That can still be understood as my shoulder, especially if the context is already about your body. But repeating שלי avoids any ambiguity and sounds perfectly normal.

Hebrew word order is somewhat flexible, but the given sentence is very natural.

Standard version:

• הגב שלי כואב קצת, וגם הכתף שלי כואבת אחרי האימון

You could also hear variations such as:

• אחרי האימון, גם הכתף שלי כואבת
• הכתף שלי גם כואבת אחרי האימון

These may shift emphasis slightly, but the original sentence is a very normal neutral way to say it.

A natural pronunciation is:

ha-gav sheli ko-ev ktsat, ve-gam ha-katef sheli ko-evet acharei ha-ימון

A more careful transliteration:

• ha-gav sheli ko'ev ktzat, vegam ha-katef sheli ko'evet acharei ha-ימון

Word by word:

• הגב = ha-gav
• שלי = sheli
• כואב = ko'ev
• קצת = ktzat
• וגם = vegam
• הכתף = ha-katef
• כואבת = ko'evet
• אחרי = acharei
• האימון = ha-ימון / ha-imon

Two pronunciation notes:

• כואב has a break between the vowels: ko-ev, not one smooth syllable like English coave
• קצת begins with a cluster: ktzat, which can feel tricky for English speakers

There are patterns in Hebrew gender, but they are not always predictable.

In this sentence:

• גב is masculine
• כתף is feminine

Some feminine nouns end in ה or ת, but not all do, and not every noun that lacks those endings is masculine in an obvious way. So it is best to learn the noun together with its gender.

A good habit is to memorize body-part words with a matching phrase:

• גב כואב
• כתף כואבת
• יד כואבת
• ראש כואב

That way, you learn the gender naturally.

Yes, very common.

Hebrew often talks about pain by making the body part the subject:

• הגב כואב = the back hurts
• הברך כואבת = the knee hurts
• הראש כואב = the head hurts

This is one of the most useful everyday patterns for talking about health or soreness, especially after exercise:

• אחרי האימון הגב שלי כואב
• השרירים שלי כואבים
• הרגל כואבת לי

So the sentence sounds natural and practical for real-life Hebrew.