חיוב היתר שינה את יתרת החוב.

Yes. חיוב היתר is a construct chain in Hebrew: two nouns placed together, where the first is linked to the second.

Here:

• חיוב = a charge, billing, debit
• היתר = the excess / the extra amount

So together it means something like the excess charge or the overcharge.

In financial Hebrew, this is the kind of phrase English often turns into one word, like overcharge.

Because in a construct chain, the definiteness usually appears on the second noun, not the first.

So:

• חיוב יתר = an overcharge / excess charge
• חיוב היתר = the overcharge / the excess charge

Even though חיוב itself does not have ה־, the whole phrase is definite because the second word is definite.

Yes. Here שינה is the past-tense verb changed.

It is:

• 3rd person
• masculine singular
• past tense

So it means he changed or, with a masculine singular subject like חיוב, it changed.

It is not related here to sleep. The word for sleep as a noun is also שינה, but in this sentence the grammar clearly shows that שינה is a verb.

Because of the sentence structure.

The sentence is:

חיוב היתר שינה את יתרת החוב

That gives you:

• subject: חיוב היתר
• verb: שינה
• direct object: את יתרת החוב

A noun meaning sleep would not fit naturally between the subject and את. But a verb does fit perfectly: The overcharge changed the debt balance.

So the syntax tells you that שינה is a verb here.

Because it agrees with the subject חיוב היתר.

The head noun of that subject is חיוב, and חיוב is masculine singular. So the verb is also masculine singular:

• חיוב ... שינה

If the subject were feminine singular, you would expect שינתה instead.

את marks a definite direct object.

It does not mean with here.

In this sentence:

• יתרת החוב = the debt balance / the outstanding balance
• because that object is definite, Hebrew uses את

So:

• שינה את יתרת החוב = changed the debt balance

This is a very common Hebrew pattern:

• verb + את
  • definite object

Because יתרת is the construct form of יתרה.

The basic noun is:

• יתרה = balance, remainder

In a construct chain, many feminine nouns ending in ־ה change to ־ת:

• יתרה → יתרת

So:

• יתרת החוב = the balance of the debt
• more natural English: the debt balance or the outstanding balance

Literally, it is the balance of the debt.

In more natural financial English, it usually means:

• the debt balance
• the outstanding balance
• the remaining amount owed

So חוב is debt, and יתרת החוב is the amount of that debt that remains on the account.

Because Hebrew often expresses of relationships through the construct chain instead of a separate word.

So instead of saying something like balance of the debt with a separate of, Hebrew simply puts the two nouns together:

• יתרת החוב

This is one of the most important noun patterns in Hebrew.

Yes. This sentence uses a very normal subject–verb–object order for Modern Hebrew:

• חיוב היתר = subject
• שינה = verb
• את יתרת החוב = object

Hebrew can sometimes use other word orders, but this one is straightforward and common, especially in modern written language.

A likely pronunciation is:

chiyuv ha-yeter shina et yitrat ha-chov

With vowels written out, it would be approximately:

חִיּוּב הַיֶּתֶר שִׁינָּה אֶת יִתְרַת הַחוֹב

A few notes:

• ח is pronounced like a throaty kh/ch
• שינה is stressed on the second syllable: shi-NA
• יתרת is pronounced roughly yit-RAT

Yes, very literally it is:

• חיוב היתר = the excess charge / the overcharge
• שינה = changed
• את = marks the definite direct object
• יתרת החוב = the balance of the debt

That kind of word-for-word breakdown is useful because it shows two important Hebrew structures at once:

• the construct chain in חיוב היתר
• the direct object marker את before יתרת החוב