Learn Hardcore Hausa: Malami ya tambaye mu adireshin gidanmu da lambar wayar Baba. - The teacher asked us for our home address and our father's phone number.

So literally:
Teacher he asked us address-of our-house and number-of phone-of Dad.
Natural English: The teacher asked us for our home address and Dad’s phone number.

What exactly does ya mean here, and why do we need it?

Ya is a subject pronoun that also shows aspect/tense:

ya = he (3rd person masculine singular) in the perfective aspect, usually translated as a simple past (he did X).

In Hausa you normally cannot say just Malami tambaye mu…
You need a subject pronoun + aspect marker:

Malami ya tambaye mu… – The teacher asked us…

If the subject were a female teacher, you would use ta:

Malama ta tambaye mu… – The (female) teacher asked us…

I thought mu means “we”. Why does it mean “us” in this sentence?

Hausa uses mu in two different roles:

As a subject pronoun (we):
- mun zo – we came
  (Here mu appears as mun, attached to the tense marker.)
As an object pronoun (us):
- ya tambaye mu – he asked us
- ya gani mu – he saw us

In Malami ya tambaye mu…, mu comes after the verb, so it is an object = us, not we.

What is the difference between adireshi / adireshi and adireshin?

The basic loanword from English is adireshi = address.
When a noun in Hausa directly possesses another noun (like “address of the house”), the first noun typically appears with a linking consonant (-n or -r). That is often called the construct form.

So:

adireshi – address (general form)
adireshin gida – the address of the house
adireshin gidanmu – the address of our house

The final -n in adireshin is this linking consonant, roughly equivalent to English “of” glued onto the noun.

How is gidanmu built, and how does it mean “our house”?

Start with the base noun:

gida – house, home

To say “our house”, Hausa attaches a possessive pronoun as a suffix. With mu (our), you also see a linking consonant -n:

gida + n + mu → gidanmu = our house / our home

Other examples for comparison:

gidana – my house (gida + na)
gidanka – your house (to a man)
gidanmu – our house
gidansu – their house

So adireshin gidanmu literally = the address of our house.

What does da mean here? Is it “and” or “with”?

Da is very flexible. It can mean:

and (to join words/phrases)
with (comitative or instrumental “with”)

In this sentence, da is simply “and”:

adireshin gidanmu da lambar wayar Baba
= our home address *and Dad’s phone number*

Examples of the other meaning (with):

na zo da abokina – I came with my friend.
ya yanka da wuka – he cut it with a knife.

How does the phrase lambar wayar Baba work? Why are there so many “of” relationships?

Lambar wayar Baba is a chain of possessives, built step by step:

lamba – number
→ lambar waya – number of (the) phone = phone number
(here -r links lamba to waya)
waya – phone
→ wayar Baba – phone of Dad / Dad’s phone
(again -r links waya to Baba)

Put together:

lambar wayar Baba
= number-of phone-of Dad
= Dad’s phone number

So Hausa keeps stacking these linked forms instead of using the word “of” repeatedly as English does.

Why is there no word like “of” (e.g. na) in adireshin gidanmu or lambar wayar Baba?

Hausa can use na / ta to mean “of”, but in many tight noun–noun possessive structures it is more natural just to use the linking consonants -n / -r.

So:

adireshin gidanmu – the address of our house
lambar wayar Baba – the number of Dad’s phone

If you use na / ta, the phrasing changes slightly and can sound heavier or more specific/emphatic:

adireshin gidanmu (normal)
adireshin gidanmu na ƙarshe – the final/last address of our house
lambar wayar Baba (normal)
lambar waya ta Baba – also Dad’s phone number, but with ta explicitly marking the possessive. This is also correct and common; it just uses a different possessive pattern.

In your sentence, the simple linked-noun style (without na / ta) is perfectly natural.

Could I change the order and say Malami ya tambaye mu lambar wayar Baba da adireshin gidanmu instead?

Yes, you can switch the order of the two things being asked for:

Malami ya tambaye mu adireshin gidanmu da lambar wayar Baba.
Malami ya tambaye mu lambar wayar Baba da adireshin gidanmu.

Both are grammatical. The meaning is the same: the teacher asked for both items. The only difference is which one you mention first, which can slightly affect emphasis in speech, but not the core meaning.

If I only want to say “The teacher asked us for our home address”, how can I shorten the sentence?

You can drop the second item completely:

Malami ya tambaye mu adireshin gidanmu.
= The teacher asked us for our home address.

You keep the same structure; you just remove da lambar wayar Baba.

How would the sentence change if we were the ones asking, as in “We asked the teacher for our home address and Dad’s phone number”?

You need to:

Make “we” the subject, and
Turn “teacher” into the object.

So:

Mu ne muka tambayi Malami adireshin gidanmu da lambar wayar Baba.
= We asked the teacher for our home address and Dad’s phone number.

Key points:

Mu ne muka… – emphasizes we as the subject (it was we who…).
muka tambayi – mu as subject in the perfective (we asked).
Malami is now the object (the teacher is the one we asked).

A simpler, less emphatic version (in many contexts) is:

Mun tambayi Malami adireshin gidanmu da lambar wayar Baba.
= We asked the teacher for our home address and Dad’s phone number.