Learn Hardcore Hausa: A talabijin muna kallo labarai da wasanni kamar kwallon ƙafa. - On the television we watch news and sports like football.

A is a preposition meaning roughly in / at / on, depending on context.
A talabijin literally means on/at television, and together it is translated as on TV.
Putting A talabijin at the beginning makes the place the topic: On TV, we watch… rather than We watch … on TV.

What exactly does muna mean, and how is it formed?

muna means we are (doing) or we (do).
It is made from mu (the pronoun we) + an aspect marker -na, which combines into one word.
So muna kallo literally has the idea we-are watching / we watch.

Is kallo a verb or a noun here? What does it do in the sentence?

kallo is a verbal noun, meaning watching / a look.
In this construction, muna + [verbal noun], the verbal noun functions like an English -ing form: muna kallo ≈ we are watching / we watch.
So kallo is the activity, and labarai da wasanni are the things being watched.

Does muna kallo mean we watch or we are watching? How do I say each one clearly in Hausa?

muna kallo can mean both we watch (habitually) and we are watching (right now); context usually decides.
To make right now clearer, you can add a time word, for example: Yanzu muna kallo labarai… (Right now we are watching news…).
To make a habitual meaning clearer, you can say something like Kowace rana muna kallo labarai… (Every day we watch news…).

Why is there no separate word for we in the sentence?

In Hausa, subject pronouns are often built into forms like muna, kuna, suna, etc.
So muna already contains the meaning we, and you normally do not add another mu.
For strong emphasis you could say Mu muna kallo labarai… (We, we watch news…), but the normal, neutral form is just muna kallo.

Why is labarai used instead of labari? How does that relate to English news?

labari means a story / a piece of news / a report.
labarai is the plural (stories / reports / pieces of news).
Hausa normally talks about news in the plural (labarai), even though English uses an uncountable word news.

What does da mean in labarai da wasanni?

Here da is a conjunction meaning and.
So labarai da wasanni means news and sports.
In other contexts, da can also mean with, but between two nouns like this it is usually and.

Why is it wasanni and not wasa? What does wasanni mean exactly?

wasa means a game / play / a sport.
wasanni is its plural form, so it means games / sports.
In this sentence wasanni is best translated as sports, because it refers collectively to different sporting programs.

What does kamar mean in kamar kwallon ƙafa?

kamar means like / such as / as if.
Here it introduces an example: wasanni kamar kwallon ƙafa = sports such as football or sports like football.
You normally put kamar directly before the example you are giving.

How is kwallon ƙafa built, and what does it literally mean?

kwallo means ball.
When it is linked to another noun, it takes the genitive linker -n, becoming kwallon, and then you add ƙafa (foot/leg).
So kwallon ƙafa literally means ball of the foot, and as an idiom it means football / soccer.

Does ƙafa here mean foot or leg, and does kwallon ƙafa always mean soccer?

On its own, ƙafa can mean foot or leg, depending on context.
In the fixed expression kwallon ƙafa, it specifically names the sport football (soccer).
So if a Hausa speaker says kwallon ƙafa, they mean soccer, not American football.

Can the word order be changed, for example to Muna kallo labarai da wasanni a talabijin? Does that change the meaning?

Yes, you can say Muna kallo labarai da wasanni a talabijin, and it is still correct.
The basic meaning stays the same: We watch news and sports on TV.
Starting with A talabijin just puts extra emphasis on the location: On TV, we watch…, while the version with a talabijin at the end sounds a bit more neutral.

Are there other ways to say on TV in Hausa, or is A talabijin the only one?

A talabijin is the most common everyday way to say on TV / on television.
You might also hear ta talabijin (literally through/by means of TV) when talking about something being broadcast via TV: Ana nuna shi ta talabijin (It is shown on TV).
For channels, you can be more specific: a tashar talabijin (on the TV channel), but a talabijin by itself is already natural and correct.

What is the difference between k and ƙ in Hausa, as in ƙafa?

k is an ordinary k sound, like in English kid.
ƙ is an emphatic/implosive k sound made with a tighter closure in the throat; it is a distinct consonant in Hausa and can change word meaning.
In careful pronunciation, ƙafa (with ƙ) is different from a hypothetical kafa (with k).