Baba ya ba yara ruwa.

Father gave the children water.

Breakdown of Baba ya ba yara ruwa.

• ruwa: the water
• yaro: the child
• baba: the father
• ba: to give

Questions & Answers about Baba ya ba yara ruwa.

What does each word in Baba ya ba yara ruwa correspond to in English?

Word by word:

• Baba – father / dad
• ya – he (subject pronoun marker in the completed/past aspect)
• ba – give
• yara – children (plural of yaro = child)
• ruwa – water

So the sentence structure is: Father – he – gave – children – water.
Natural English: Father gave the children water.

Why is there a ya (he) if we already have Baba (father) as the subject?

In Hausa, verbs normally require a subject pronoun marker even when there is a full noun subject.

• Baba ya ba yara ruwa. – literally: Father he-gave children water.

Baba is the noun subject, and ya is the subject pronoun that agrees with it (3rd person masculine singular, completed aspect).

You cannot say:

• ✗ Baba ba yara ruwa. – ungrammatical

You either have:

• Baba ya ba yara ruwa. – Baba as the subject + ya as the required subject pronoun marker.
• Or drop Baba if it’s already known: Ya ba yara ruwa. – He gave the children water.

What tense or aspect does ya show in this sentence?

Ya here is the 3rd person masculine singular pronoun in the completed (perfective) aspect.

That usually corresponds to simple past in English:

• ya ba = he gave

So:

• Baba ya ba yara ruwa. ≈ Father gave the children water.
  Depending on context, it could also be translated as Father has given the children water, but grammatically it’s simply completed/past.

Does Hausa need a word like to (as in gave water to the children)?

No. In Hausa, with verbs like ba (to give), the recipient (indirect object) usually comes right after the verb, before the thing given (direct object), without a preposition:

• Baba ya ba yara ruwa.
  
  • ba – give
  • yara – recipient (the children)
  • ruwa – thing given (water)

So the pattern is:

Subject – subject pronoun – verb – recipient – thing given

There is no to before yara. The grammar itself (word order) shows who is receiving what.

Can I switch the order and say Baba ya ba ruwa yara?

Normally, no. The standard and natural order with ba (give) is:

verb – recipient – thing given

So:

• ✓ Baba ya ba yara ruwa. – Father gave the children water.
• ✗ Baba ya ba ruwa yara. – sounds wrong/unnatural for gave water to the children in neutral meaning.

If you want to highlight or focus on ruwa (water), there are other constructions, but for basic sentences you should keep: ba + recipient + thing given.

What is the difference between ba (give) and ba in negative sentences like bai ba or ba ya?

They are two different uses of the same form ba:

1. Lexical verb ba = to give

   • In your sentence, ba is the main verb:
     • Baba ya ba yara ruwa. – Father gave the children water.

2. Negative particle ba / bai … ba / ba … ba
   This ba is part of negative constructions, not the verb itself. For example, to negate your sentence in the completed aspect:

   • Baba bai ba yara ruwa ba. – Father did not give the children water.
     
     • bai – negative subject pronoun (3rd person masc. sg., completed)
     • ba – here still the verb give
     • final ba – negative particle closing the negation.

So in bai ba, ba is still give, but bai … ba is the negative frame around it.

In the imperfective (ongoing/habitual):

• Baba ba ya ba yara ruwa. – Father does not give / is not giving the children water.
  
  • Here the ba … ba are the negative markers, and ba (verb) is still to give.

What exactly does yara mean? Is it always “children”?

Yara is the plural form of:

• yaro – child, boy (often “boy” in many contexts)

So:

• yaro – child (often male child, boy)
• yara – children (boys, or mixed group of children)

In your sentence:

• Baba ya ba yara ruwa. – Father gave the children / (some) children water.

Whether it means the children or some children depends on context; Hausa does not mark definite vs. indefinite the same way English does.

How would I say the children more explicitly, not just children in general?

Hausa does not have a direct equivalent of the English article the, but you can indicate definiteness/specificity in several ways, for example:

• yaran nan – these children / the children here
• yaran
  • possessive or relative clause – e.g.
    
    • yaranmu – our children
    • yaran da ka gani – the children that you saw

So if the context is clear, yara alone can mean the children. If you really want to make it specific:

• Baba ya ba yaran nan ruwa. – Father gave these/the children here water.
• Baba ya ba yaranmu ruwa. – Father gave our children water.

Is Baba a common noun (“father”) or a name like “Baba” as a person’s name?

It can be both, depending on context:

1. Common noun: Baba = father, dad

   • Baba ya ba yara ruwa. – Father/Dad gave the children water.

2. Name or title: Baba is also used as a male personal name or a respectful title (like “Elder”, “Old man”, “Sir”) in many West African contexts.

In your sentence, if there is no other context, the most neutral reading is father/dad as a common noun. But in real-life use, it could also refer to someone whose name or title is Baba.

Could Baba be a vocative (like calling someone “Dad!”), or is it definitely the subject here?

In writing, without a comma, Baba ya ba yara ruwa is naturally read as:

• Baba – subject noun
• ya ba – he gave
• yara ruwa – children water

If you wanted Baba as a vocative (addressing him), it would usually sound like this in speech, and in writing you might mark it with a comma:

• Baba, ka ba yara ruwa. – Dad, give the children water.
  
  • ka – 2nd person masculine singular subject pronoun
  • ba – give (imperative-like, command/request)

So in your original sentence Baba is read as the subject, not as someone being addressed.

Why is it just ruwa and not something like “the water” or “some water”? How does Hausa show that?

Ruwa is a mass noun meaning water. Hausa generally does not use separate words for a / the / some like English does.

Depending on context, ruwa can mean:

• water (in general)
• some water
• the water (if it’s clear which water)

To make “the water” more explicit, you often add something:

• ruwan nan – this water / that particular water
• ruwan da ke cikin kofi – the water that is in the cup

In your sentence:

• Baba ya ba yara ruwa. – Father gave the children water / some water.
  The indefinite “some” is simply understood; it doesn’t need a separate word.

How would I change the sentence to say Father is giving the children water (present/ongoing)?

Use the imperfective (progressive/habitual) aspect. For 3rd person masculine singular, the marker is yana (often pronounced na in fast speech, but yana is clearer for learners):

• Baba yana ba yara ruwa. – Father is giving the children water. / Father gives the children water (habitually, depending on context).

Structure:

• Baba – father
• yana – he (imperfective)
• ba – give
• yara – children
• ruwa – water

How would I make the sentence negative: Father did not give the children water?

Use the negative completed (perfective) form. For 3rd person masculine singular, you use bai … ba around the verb:

• Baba bai ba yara ruwa ba. – Father did not give the children water.

Breakdown:

• Baba – father
• bai – negative subject pronoun (3rd person masc. sg., completed)
• ba – give
• yara – children
• ruwa – water
• final ba – closes the negation

So the positive:

• Baba ya ba yara ruwa. – Father gave the children water.

The negative:

• Baba bai ba yara ruwa ba. – Father did not give the children water.