Το πατρόν είναι πάνω στο ύφασμα.

Πατρόν is treated as a neuter noun in Greek, so it takes the neuter article το.

So:

• το πατρόν = the pattern

This word is a borrowing, and in modern Greek it is commonly used for a sewing pattern or cutting pattern. Because it is neuter, you use το, not ο or η.

A learner may expect Greek nouns to change endings more obviously, but πατρόν is often treated as an indeclinable or only minimally changing borrowed word in everyday use. In a sentence like this, the form stays πατρόν.

So you get:

• το πατρόν
• του πατρόν in some usage, though speakers may vary with borrowed words

For a beginner, the important thing is that in this sentence the noun itself stays πατρόν, while the article gives you the grammatical information.

Πάνω στο means on, on top of, or onto the surface of, depending on context.

In this sentence, it means that the pattern is lying on the fabric.

Breakdown:

• πάνω = up / above / on top
• στο = on / in / at the here, after contraction

Together, πάνω στο ύφασμα means on the fabric or more literally on top of the fabric.

Because Greek normally contracts σε + το into στο.

So:

• σε + το = στο

This is very common:

• στο σπίτι = in/at the house
• στο τραπέζι = on the table
• στο ύφασμα = on/in the fabric, depending on context

So πάνω στο ύφασμα is the natural form, not πάνω σε το ύφασμα.

Because ύφασμα is also a neuter singular noun.

So:

• το πατρόν = the pattern
• το ύφασμα = the fabric

Greek uses articles very often, sometimes more often than English does. If both things are definite and specific, it is completely normal to have το ... το ... in the same sentence.

It is in the accusative, because after σε / στο, Greek normally uses the accusative.

So the structure is:

• πάνω στο ύφασμα
• literally: on the fabric

A useful detail: for many neuter singular nouns, the nominative and accusative look the same. So το ύφασμα looks the same in both cases. That is why you do not see a visible change in the noun itself here.

Yes, you often could, depending on context.

• Το πατρόν είναι στο ύφασμα = The pattern is on the fabric / in the fabric / at the fabric, depending on context
• Το πατρόν είναι πάνω στο ύφασμα more clearly emphasizes on top of the surface of the fabric

So πάνω adds clarity and makes the spatial relationship more explicit.

No, Greek word order is more flexible than English word order.

The neutral, straightforward order is:

• Το πατρόν είναι πάνω στο ύφασμα.

But you could also move things around for emphasis, for example:

• Πάνω στο ύφασμα είναι το πατρόν.

That sounds more marked and gives emphasis to where it is. For a learner, the original sentence is the safest and most natural basic version.

A simple pronunciation guide is:

to pa-TRON EE-ne PA-no sto EE-fas-ma

Stress falls where the written accent marks are:

• πατρόν
• είναι
• πάνω
• ύφασμα

A rough full reading:

to pa-TRON EE-ne PA-no sto EE-fas-ma

Not always. Πατρόν is especially common for a sewing pattern or dressmaking pattern.

In other contexts, Greek might use different words, such as:

• μοτίβο = pattern, motif
• σχέδιο = design, plan, pattern in some contexts

So in a textile or sewing context, πατρόν is very natural. In other kinds of English pattern, a different Greek word may be better.