Έδωσα το μόσχευμα στο αφεντικό.

Έδωσα is the aorist tense, which here means I gave as a completed action.

• δίνω = I give / I am giving
• έδωσα = I gave

So this sentence is talking about a single completed act of giving, not an ongoing or habitual one.

The dictionary form is δίνω (to give).

This verb is a little irregular, so the aorist does not look very similar to the present:

• δίνω = I give
• έδωσα = I gave

This is something you mostly just have to learn as a verb pair.

Greek often leaves out subject pronouns when they are not needed.

The ending of Έδωσα already tells you the subject is I:

• -α in έδωσα = I

So Έδωσα το μόσχευμα στο αφεντικό already means I gave the graft/transplant to the boss, without needing εγώ.

You could add εγώ for emphasis, but it is not necessary:

• Εγώ έδωσα το μόσχευμα στο αφεντικό. = I gave the graft to the boss.

στο is a contraction of:

• σε = to / at / in
• το = the

So:

• σε το → στο

Here στο αφεντικό means to the boss.

This contraction is very common in Modern Greek:

• σε + τον → στον
• σε + τη / την → στη / στην
• σε + το → στο

Because αφεντικό is a neuter noun in Greek.

So the article is το, not τον:

• το αφεντικό = the boss
• στο αφεντικό = to the boss

στον would be used with a masculine noun:

• στον φίλο = to the friend

A useful thing to remember is that Greek grammatical gender does not always match biological sex. Το αφεντικό can refer to a male or female boss, but the noun itself is grammatically neuter.

Modern Greek no longer uses the old dative case in normal everyday language.

Instead, Greek usually expresses to someone with:

• σε + accusative

So:

• στο αφεντικό literally means something like to the boss

This is how Greek normally handles what English calls an indirect object.

In this sentence:

• το μόσχευμα = the direct object
• στο αφεντικό = the indirect object

So the structure is:

• Έδωσα = verb
• το μόσχευμα = the thing that was given
• στο αφεντικό = the person it was given to

In English terms:

• What did I give? → the graft/transplant
• To whom did I give it? → to the boss

Because both μόσχευμα and αφεντικό are neuter singular nouns.

So their basic article is το:

• το μόσχευμα
• το αφεντικό

In the sentence, the second το is hidden inside στο:

• στο = σε + το

So you are really seeing:

• το μόσχευμα
• σε το αφεντικό → στο αφεντικό

It is the direct object, so grammatically it is in the accusative case. But for many neuter nouns in Greek, the nominative and accusative singular look the same.

So:

• το μόσχευμα = nominative singular
• το μόσχευμα = accusative singular

That is why you do not see a visible change here.

The same thing is true for αφεντικό: as a neuter singular noun, nominative and accusative are often identical in form.

Yes. Greek word order is more flexible than English word order.

The sentence as written is perfectly natural:

• Έδωσα το μόσχευμα στο αφεντικό.

But other orders are also possible, depending on emphasis:

• Το μόσχευμα έδωσα στο αφεντικό.
• Στο αφεντικό έδωσα το μόσχευμα.

The basic meaning stays the same, but the emphasis changes.

English usually relies more heavily on word order, while Greek can use endings, articles, and context to show each word’s role.

A rough pronunciation is:

EH-tho-sa to MO-shev-ma sto a-fen-DEE-ko

A few notes:

• δ in Modern Greek sounds like th in this
• σχ here sounds roughly like sh in careful learner-style approximation
• the stress falls on:
  • Έδωσα → first syllable
  • μόσχευμα → first syllable
  • αφεντικό → last syllable

So the rhythm is roughly:

EH-tho-sa | to MO-shev-ma | sto a-fen-DEE-ko

The accent marks show which syllable is stressed.

• Έδωσα → stress on Έ
• μόσχευμα → stress on μό
• αφεντικό → stress on κό

In Greek, stress is an important part of the word, and the written accent tells you where it goes. This helps a lot with pronunciation, especially because changing the stress can sometimes make a word sound wrong or even change meaning.