Η δασκάλα έγραψε τον πληθυντικό στον πίνακα και όλοι τον διάβασαν δυνατά.

Η is the feminine singular definite article, meaning the. So η δασκάλα means the teacher.

Greek often uses the definite article more regularly than English does. You can say just δασκάλα in some contexts, but here η δασκάλα is the normal way to say the teacher.

Δασκάλα is a feminine noun meaning teacher. Here it is in the nominative singular, because it is the subject of the verb έγραψε.

So:

• η δασκάλα = the teacher as the subject

Έγραψε is the aorist form of γράφω (to write). It means wrote.

Greek often uses the aorist for a completed action in the past. In this sentence, the teacher wrote something once, as a finished event, so έγραψε is the natural choice.

Compare:

• έγραψε = wrote / completed action
• έγραφε = was writing / ongoing or repeated action

Τον πληθυντικό is in the accusative singular masculine because it is the direct object of έγραψε: it is the thing the teacher wrote.

Here πληθυντικός literally means plural, but in this kind of sentence it means the plural form or the plural as a grammar item.

So:

• ο πληθυντικός = the plural (nominative)
• τον πληθυντικό = the plural (accusative)

Historically, πληθυντικός is an adjective meaning plural, but here it is being used as a noun.

This is very common in Greek. An adjective can stand on its own when the noun is understood.

So τον πληθυντικό really means something like:

• the plural form
• the plural

with form left unstated.

Στον is a contraction of σε + τον.

So:

• σε = in, on, at, to depending on context
• τον = masculine singular definite article in the accusative
• στον = σε τον

In στον πίνακα, it means on the board.

After σε, Modern Greek normally uses the accusative.

So:

• ο πίνακας = the board (nominative)
• τον πίνακα = the board (accusative)
• στον πίνακα = on the board

Even though English uses on, Greek uses σε for many ideas like in, on, at, or to, depending on context.

Όλοι means all or everyone here. It is the masculine plural nominative form.

Greek uses the masculine plural for:

• a group of men
• a mixed group of men and women
• people in general, when gender is not being emphasized

So όλοι here means everyone or all of them.

That τον is not an article. It is a direct object pronoun meaning him/it. Here it means it, and it refers back to τον πληθυντικό.

So:

• first τον in τον πληθυντικό = definite article, the
• second τον in τον διάβασαν = object pronoun, it

Greek often repeats the object with a pronoun like this, especially when referring back to something already mentioned.

In Greek, weak object pronouns normally come before the finite verb.

So Greek says:

• τον διάβασαν = literally it they-read

This is just normal Greek word order for object pronouns.

Διάβασαν is the aorist, third person plural of διαβάζω (to read).

So it means:

• they read

Because the subject is όλοι (everyone / all of them), the verb is plural.

Both actions are presented as single completed events in sequence:

1. the teacher wrote it
2. everyone read it aloud

That is exactly the kind of situation where Greek commonly uses the aorist.

If the sentence wanted to emphasize ongoing action, background action, or repetition, it might use imperfect forms instead.

Δυνατά here means aloud or loudly.

It comes from δυνατός (strong, loud), but in this sentence it functions as an adverb.

So:

• διάβασαν δυνατά = they read aloud / they read it loudly

In this context, aloud is usually the most natural English meaning.

That is a very natural place for an adverb in Greek. It comes after the verb phrase and tells us how they read it.

So:

• τον διάβασαν δυνατά = they read it aloud

Greek word order is flexible, but this order is completely normal and straightforward.

In this sentence, leaving it out would sound unnatural, because διάβασαν needs an object: they read what?

The pronoun τον clearly points back to τον πληθυντικό. Greek commonly uses this kind of pronoun to continue referring to something already mentioned.

So όλοι τον διάβασαν is the natural way to say everyone read it.

Και means and. It connects the two actions:

• Η δασκάλα έγραψε τον πληθυντικό στον πίνακα
• και όλοι τον διάβασαν δυνατά

So the sentence describes two linked past events in order.