Το δαμάσκηνο είναι πιο γλυκό από το βερίκοκο.

Το is the definite article in Greek, here in the neuter singular form. Both δαμάσκηνο and βερίκοκο are neuter singular nouns, so they take το.

In this sentence, Greek uses the article much more naturally than English does. Even when English says plum and apricot without the, Greek often says το δαμάσκηνο and το βερίκοκο.

So:

• το δαμάσκηνο = the plum
• το βερίκοκο = the apricot

But in a comparison like this, it can also mean the fruit as a type in a general sense.

Because the adjective has to agree with the noun it describes.

Greek adjectives change form depending on:

• gender
• number
• case

Here, δαμάσκηνο is:

• neuter
• singular
• nominative

So the adjective must also be neuter singular nominative:

• masculine: γλυκός
• feminine: γλυκιά
• neuter: γλυκό

That is why the sentence says πιο γλυκό.

This is the common way to make a comparison in Modern Greek.

Pattern:

• πιο + adjective + από + noun/pronoun

So:

• πιο γλυκό = sweeter / more sweet
• από το βερίκοκο = than the apricot

Altogether:

• πιο γλυκό από... = sweeter than...

This is very similar to English more ... than, although in English we usually say sweeter than rather than more sweet than.

Yes—από can mean both from and than, depending on context.

Examples:

• Είμαι από την Ελλάδα. = I am from Greece.
• Είναι πιο ψηλός από μένα. = He is taller than me.

In your sentence, because it follows a comparative structure (πιο γλυκό), από clearly means than.

Είναι is the third person singular form of the verb είμαι = to be.

So:

• είμαι = I am
• είσαι = you are
• είναι = he/she/it is

Here it means is:

• Το δαμάσκηνο είναι... = The plum is...

A useful point: είναι is also used for they are, so context tells you whether it means is or are.

Because here the adjective is part of the predicate, not directly attached to the noun.

Structure:

• Το δαμάσκηνο = subject
• είναι = is
• πιο γλυκό = predicate adjective

So this works like English:

• The plum is sweeter

If you wanted the adjective directly with the noun, that would be a different structure, like:

• το γλυκό δαμάσκηνο = the sweet plum

But your sentence is saying something about the plum, so Greek uses:

• Το δαμάσκηνο είναι πιο γλυκό...

Yes. Greek can also form comparatives with a single comparative adjective, though πιο + adjective is very common and often the most natural everyday choice.

For γλυκός, you may see:

• γλυκύτερο = sweeter (neuter singular comparative)

So a possible alternative is:

• Το δαμάσκηνο είναι γλυκύτερο από το βερίκοκο.

Both mean the same thing. In everyday speech, πιο γλυκό is extremely common and easy to use with almost any adjective.

Yes, singular is natural here because Greek often uses the singular to talk about something as a type or species, not just one individual fruit.

So:

• Το δαμάσκηνο είναι πιο γλυκό από το βερίκοκο. can mean something like
• Plum is sweeter than apricot or
• A plum is sweeter than an apricot or
• The plum is sweeter than the apricot

depending on context.

You could also make a plural sentence, for example:

• Τα δαμάσκηνα είναι πιο γλυκά από τα βερίκοκα. = Plums are sweeter than apricots.

In Modern Greek, after από in a comparison, the noun usually appears with the article in the normal form you see here:

• από το βερίκοκο

For a learner, the safest pattern is simply:

• πιο + adjective + από + article + noun

Examples:

• πιο μεγάλο από το σπίτι
• πιο όμορφη από τη φίλη μου
• πιο γλυκό από το βερίκοκο

So you do not need to change βερίκοκο into some special comparative form.

A rough pronunciation is:

To tha-MA-skee-no EE-ne pyo ghlee-KO a-PO to ve-REE-ko-ko

A few helpful sound notes:

• δ sounds like th in this
• γ before λ here sounds like a soft voiced sound, roughly like a smooth gh
• ει in είναι sounds like ee
• οι/υ/ι/η often sound like ee in Modern Greek
• The stressed syllables are:
  • δαμάσκηνο
  • είναι
  • γλυκό
  • από
  • βερίκοκο

Listening and repeating is especially helpful with Greek stress.

Yes, Greek word order is more flexible than English word order, though the version you have is the most neutral and straightforward.

Standard:

• Το δαμάσκηνο είναι πιο γλυκό από το βερίκοκο.

You may also hear emphasis changes, for example:

• Πιο γλυκό είναι το δαμάσκηνο από το βερίκοκο.

But for learning, the best pattern to remember is:

• [subject] + είναι + πιο + adjective + από + [thing compared]

That will sound natural and correct in most situations.