Ο γιατρός είπε ότι η αντιβίωση είναι απαραίτητη για την ανάρρωση.

Ότι introduces a content clause, just like that in English:

• Ο γιατρός είπε ότι...
• The doctor said that...

So the sentence has two parts:

1. Ο γιατρός είπε = The doctor said
2. ότι η αντιβίωση είναι απαραίτητη για την ανάρρωση = that the antibiotic / antibiotic treatment is necessary for recovery

A useful note: ότι is different from ό,τι.

• ότι = that
• ό,τι = whatever / anything that

The comma in ό,τι matters.

Είπε is the aorist form of λέω (to say), and it means said.

• λέω = I say / I am saying
• είπα = I said
• είπε = he/she said

Here, ο γιατρός είπε means the doctor said.

Greek often uses the aorist for a single completed action in the past, so είπε is the normal choice for reporting what someone said once.

Because Greek does not backshift tenses as automatically as English often does.

In English, after a past verb like said, we often shift the next verb into the past:

• The doctor said that the antibiotic was necessary.

But in Greek, if something is still true now, the present tense is very natural:

• Ο γιατρός είπε ότι η αντιβίωση είναι απαραίτητη...
• literally: The doctor said that the antibiotic is necessary...

This suggests that the necessity is still valid at the time of speaking. If Greek used ήταν, it could suggest the necessity belonged more clearly to the past situation.

Greek uses the definite article much more often than English.

So:

• ο γιατρός = the doctor

Even when English might omit an article in some contexts, Greek often keeps it. With ordinary nouns like professions or people being referred to specifically, using the article is very normal.

Here ο γιατρός simply means a specific doctor already understood in the context.

Yes. Αντιβίωση is a feminine noun, so it takes the feminine singular article η in the nominative:

• η αντιβίωση

That is why the adjective later is also feminine:

• η αντιβίωση είναι απαραίτητη
• The antibiotic treatment is necessary

The adjective must agree with the noun in gender, number, and case.

It usually refers to antibiotic treatment or an antibiotic in a general medical sense, depending on context.

So in this sentence, η αντιβίωση can be understood as:

• the antibiotic
• the antibiotic treatment
• sometimes even more generally antibiotics

In real usage, Greek often uses αντιβίωση where English might choose either an antibiotic or a course of antibiotics, depending on the situation.

Because it agrees with η αντιβίωση, which is feminine singular nominative.

The basic adjective is απαραίτητος / απαραίτητη / απαραίτητο = necessary.

Here are the singular forms:

• masculine: απαραίτητος
• feminine: απαραίτητη
• neuter: απαραίτητο

Since the noun is feminine:

• η αντιβίωση είναι απαραίτητη

If the noun were neuter, you would use απαραίτητο instead.

After για, Greek normally uses the accusative.

So:

• για
  • accusative noun phrase

In this sentence:

• την ανάρρωση is accusative singular
• nominative would be η ανάρρωση
• accusative is την ανάρρωση

So:

• για την ανάρρωση = for the recovery

This is a very common pattern in Greek:

• για τον φίλο μου = for my friend
• για τη δουλειά = for the job / work
• για το παιδί = for the child

Because ανάρρωση is the object of the preposition για, so it must be in the accusative, not the nominative.

Compare:

• η ανάρρωση είναι γρήγορη = the recovery is quick
  Here η ανάρρωση is the subject, so it is nominative.

• για την ανάρρωση = for the recovery
  Here it comes after a preposition, so it is accusative.

For feminine singular nouns like this one:

• nominative: η ανάρρωση
• accusative: την ανάρρωση

Ανάρρωση means recovery, especially in a medical sense.

So:

• για την ανάρρωση = for recovery / for the recovery

It refers to getting well again after illness.

Yes, in many everyday contexts, πως can replace ότι after verbs like λέω.

So you may hear:

• Ο γιατρός είπε ότι η αντιβίωση είναι απαραίτητη...
• Ο γιατρός είπε πως η αντιβίωση είναι απαραίτητη...

Both are natural and commonly used.

Very roughly:

• ότι can sound a bit more neutral or formal in writing
• πως is also extremely common in speech

But in this sentence, both work well.

It has a very common Greek structure:

• Ο γιατρός = subject
• είπε = main verb
• ότι... = subordinate clause

Inside the subordinate clause:

• η αντιβίωση = subject
• είναι = verb
• απαραίτητη = predicate adjective
• για την ανάρρωση = prepositional phrase explaining for what purpose

So the structure is:

[Main clause] + ότι + [subordinate clause]

or more specifically:

The doctor said + that + the antibiotic treatment is necessary for recovery

Greek can sometimes omit ότι after verbs of saying, especially in informal speech, but keeping it is clearer and very standard.

So you may hear:

• Ο γιατρός είπε η αντιβίωση είναι απαραίτητη...

But this is less formal and can sound more conversational. For learners, it is safest to use ότι:

• Ο γιατρός είπε ότι...

That is the clearest standard pattern.

A helpful rough pronunciation is:

o ya-TROS EE-pe O-ti i anti-VEE-o-see EE-ne a-pa-RE-ti-ti ya tin a-NAR-ro-si

A few notes:

• γιατρός: the γ before ι sounds like English y in many approximations, so ya-TROS
• είπε: stress on the first syllable: EE-pe
• αντιβίωση: stress on -βί-
• απαραίτητη: stress on -ραί-
• ανάρρωση: stress on -νάρ-

The written accent marks show you where the stress goes.