Κάθε πολιτεία έχει νόμους.

A rough pronunciation is:

KÁ-the po-li-TÍ-a É-hi NÓ-mous

A more detailed guide:

• Κάθε = KA-theh
  
  • θ sounds like th in think
• πολιτεία = po-li-TI-a
  • the stress is on τεί
• έχει = E-hi
  • χ is a throaty sound, like the ch in German Bach or Scottish loch
• νόμους = NO-mous
  • the ou here sounds like oo in food

Greek stress matters, so try to keep the emphasis on:

• Κάθε
• πολιτεία
• έχει
• νόμους

Κάθε means every or each.

In Modern Greek, κάθε is very convenient because it does not change form for gender or number in the way many adjectives do. So you can use κάθε with masculine, feminine, or neuter singular nouns:

• κάθε άνθρωπος = every person
• κάθε πολιτεία = every state
• κάθε παιδί = every child

It is normally used with a singular noun, even though the meaning is distributive in English: every state, not every states.

Because κάθε normally takes a singular noun in Greek.

So:

• κάθε πολιτεία = every state

This works just like English every state has laws, where state is also singular.

If you wanted to say all states, Greek would use a different structure, such as:

• όλες οι πολιτείες = all the states

So κάθε πολιτεία and όλες οι πολιτείες are related in meaning, but not identical in structure.

Here πολιτεία most naturally means state or political entity.

Depending on context, πολιτεία can also have broader meanings, such as:

• state
• commonwealth
• governmental order
• sometimes even society or citizenship in certain historical or philosophical contexts

In a basic sentence like this, a learner will usually understand it as state.

So:

• Κάθε πολιτεία έχει νόμους. = Every state has laws.

Because Greek does not use the article in exactly the same way English does.

Here, κάθε already makes the noun definite enough in sense, so Greek simply says:

• Κάθε πολιτεία = every state

You do not say:

• η κάθε πολιτεία in this basic neutral sense

That would usually sound different in meaning or emphasis.

So the absence of an article here is normal.

Έχει means has.

It is the 3rd person singular form of the verb έχω = to have.

So:

• έχω = I have
• έχεις = you have
• έχει = he/she/it has

Since πολιτεία is singular, the verb is also singular:

• Κάθε πολιτεία έχει... = Every state has...

Because grammatically the subject is still singular:

• κάθε πολιτεία = every state

This is the same as in English:

• Every state has laws
• not Every state have laws

Greek follows the same logic here. Even though the idea is general, the grammar is singular.

Νόμους is the accusative plural of νόμος = law.

Greek nouns change form depending on their grammatical role.

Here, laws is the direct object of has, so Greek uses the accusative:

• νόμος = law
• νόμοι = laws (nominative plural, usually for subjects)
• νόμους = laws (accusative plural, usually for objects)

So:

• Οι νόμοι είναι αυστηροί. = The laws are strict.
  
  • Here νόμοι is the subject.
• Η πολιτεία έχει νόμους. = The state has laws.
  
  • Here νόμους is the object.

In this sentence, the ending -ους shows that it is masculine accusative plural.

The singular would be:

• νόμο = law, as a direct object

Compare:

• Η πολιτεία έχει νόμο. = The state has a law.
• Η πολιτεία έχει νόμους. = The state has laws.

So the ending helps you recognize both the case and the number.

Because Greek, like English, often uses the plural when speaking generally about the laws belonging to a state.

• έχει νόμους = has laws

This sounds natural because a state normally has many laws, not just one.

If you said:

• έχει νόμο

that would mean has a law or possibly has one law, which is a much narrower idea.

Yes. Greek word order is more flexible than English because the noun endings help show grammatical roles.

The neutral, straightforward order is:

• Κάθε πολιτεία έχει νόμους.

But other orders are possible for emphasis, for example:

• Νόμους έχει κάθε πολιτεία.
• Έχει νόμους κάθε πολιτεία.

These can sound more marked or rhetorical, depending on context.

For a learner, the best default is the basic order:

• subject + verb + object

So stick with:

• Κάθε πολιτεία έχει νόμους.

Yes, πολιτεία is a feminine noun.

One clue is the ending -ία, which is often feminine in Greek, though endings are not a perfect guide in every case.

You can also tell from the dictionary form and from the article it would take:

• η πολιτεία = the state

So if you wanted to use the article, you would say:

• η πολιτεία

That shows its gender clearly.

The dictionary forms are:

• κάθε = every, each
• πολιτεία = state
• έχω = to have
• νόμος = law

In the sentence, έχω appears as έχει, and νόμος appears as νόμους because of grammar.

It is a general statement.

Κάθε πολιτεία έχει νόμους describes something generally true about states as a class. Greek often expresses this kind of idea without needing extra words like usually or in general.

So the sentence has the feel of:

• Every state has laws
• Any state has laws

depending on context, though every state has laws is the most direct translation.

Yes, Greek can also say:

• Οι πολιτείες έχουν νόμους. = States have laws / The states have laws.

The difference is:

• Κάθε πολιτεία έχει νόμους = Every state has laws
  
  • focuses on each individual state
• Οι πολιτείες έχουν νόμους = States have laws or The states have laws
  
  • speaks about states as a group

So both are possible, but κάθε πολιτεία is more explicitly distributive: one by one, each state.

This sentence is a good example of three important Greek patterns:

1. κάθε + singular noun

   • κάθε πολιτεία = every state

2. verb agreement with a singular subject

   • πολιτεία έχει = state has

3. accusative plural for the direct object

   • νόμους = laws

If you remember those three points, you are learning more than just one sentence—you are learning a very common Greek structure.