Ο δίσκος βινυλίου είναι φθαρμένος.

A word-by-word breakdown:

• Ο = the
  Masculine singular nominative definite article.

• δίσκος = disc / record
  Here it means a record.

• βινυλίου = of vinyl
  This is the genitive form of βινύλιο.

• είναι = is
  3rd person singular present of είμαι (to be).

• φθαρμένος = worn / worn out / damaged by use
  An adjective describing the record.

So the structure is basically: The vinyl record is worn.

Because Greek often uses the genitive to express what something is made of or what type it is.

So:

• δίσκος = disc
• βινυλίου = of vinyl

Together, δίσκος βινυλίου literally means disc of vinyl, which is the natural Greek way to say vinyl record.

This is similar to how Greek says things like:

• ποτήρι νερού = glass of water
• μπουκάλι κρασιού = bottle of wine

So βινυλίου is not random; it shows a relationship with δίσκος.

Because it agrees with δίσκος, which is a masculine singular noun.

In Greek, adjectives usually agree with the noun they describe in:

• gender
• number
• case

Since ο δίσκος is masculine singular nominative, the adjective must also be masculine singular nominative:

• masculine: φθαρμένος
• feminine: φθαρμένη
• neuter: φθαρμένο

For example:

• Ο δίσκος είναι φθαρμένος.
• Η κασέτα είναι φθαρμένη.
• Το βινύλιο είναι φθαρμένο.

Φθαρμένος means something like:

• worn
• worn out
• deteriorated
• damaged from use

It comes from the verb φθείρω, meaning to wear down, to damage, or to corrupt.

For a record, φθαρμένος suggests that the surface has been used a lot or is no longer in good condition. In context, it often implies wear that affects quality, not just a small scratch.

Ο is the masculine singular form of the definite article the.

Because δίσκος is masculine singular, the article is:

• ο δίσκος = the record

If you changed the noun, the article would change too:

• η κασέτα = the cassette
• το CD = the CD

So ο is there simply because the subject is a specific masculine singular noun.

Because Greek usually does not need a subject pronoun when the verb already shows the person and number.

In English, you must say:

• It is worn.

In Greek, the verb form often makes the subject clear enough, especially when the noun is already present:

• Ο δίσκος βινυλίου είναι φθαρμένος.

You could add a pronoun in some contexts for emphasis, but normally Greek leaves it out.

Yes, it is a very natural and common way to say it.

Literally it means vinyl disc, and that is the standard Greek expression for a vinyl record.

A few useful related words:

• δίσκος = disc / record
• CD δίσκος or just CD = CD
• βινύλιο = vinyl

So when you see δίσκος βινυλίου, think of it as a set phrase meaning vinyl record, even though grammatically it is built as disc of vinyl.

Yes. Greek word order is more flexible than English, although the version given is the most neutral and straightforward:

• Ο δίσκος βινυλίου είναι φθαρμένος.

Other orders are possible for emphasis, for example:

• Φθαρμένος είναι ο δίσκος βινυλίου.
• Ο δίσκος βινυλίου φθαρμένος είναι.

But those sound more marked or stylistic. For everyday learning, the original order is the best one to copy.

Because βινυλίου is functioning as a kind/type or material description: record of vinyl.

In Greek, when a noun in the genitive is used this way, it often appears without an article:

• δίσκος βινυλίου
• ποτήρι νερού
• μπουκάλι κρασιού

If you added an article, the meaning would usually become more specific, like of the vinyl, not just vinyl in general. So here, no article is the natural choice.

A rough pronunciation guide:

• Ο = o
• δίσκος = THEE-skos
  The δ sounds like th in this
• βινυλίου = vee-nee-LEE-oo
• είναι = EE-ne
• φθαρμένος = fthar-ME-nos

A rough full version:

o THEE-skos vee-nee-LEE-oo EE-ne fthar-ME-nos

The stressed syllables are:

• δίσκος
• βινυλίου
• είναι
• φθαρμένος

Not always, but in this sentence, yes.

Είναι is the present tense form of είμαι and can mean:

• is
• are

depending on the subject.

For example:

• Ο δίσκος είναι φθαρμένος. = The record is worn.
• Οι δίσκοι είναι φθαρμένοι. = The records are worn.

So είναι does not change between singular and plural the way English does.

Yes, but it means something slightly different.

• Ο δίσκος βινυλίου είναι φθαρμένος. = The vinyl record is worn.
• Το βινύλιο είναι φθαρμένο. = The vinyl is worn.

The second sentence focuses more on the vinyl material/object itself and uses the neuter noun βινύλιο, so the adjective becomes φθαρμένο to agree with it.

So both are grammatical, but the original sentence is more precise if you mean the record.