Die Vorladung kommt vom Amtsgericht.

Because Vorladung is a feminine noun: die Vorladung.

In this sentence, die Vorladung is also the subject, so it is in the nominative case. For a feminine noun in the nominative singular, the article is die.

So:

• die Vorladung = nominative singular
• feminine noun
• subject of the sentence

Kommt is the 3rd person singular present tense of kommen.

The subject is die Vorladung, which is grammatically singular, so German uses:

• ich komme
• du kommst
• er/sie/es kommt

Here, die Vorladung behaves like sie in the singular, so the verb is kommt.

Yes, literally it means comes, but in a sentence like this it often means something like:

• comes from
• is from
• has been sent by
• originates from

With letters, notices, bills, and legal documents, German often uses kommen von in a way that sounds more natural in German than a literal English translation might.

So Die Vorladung kommt vom Amtsgericht does not necessarily mean the summons is physically moving from the court right now. It usually means the summons was issued by or comes from the local court.

German main clauses usually follow the verb-second rule.

In this sentence:

• Die Vorladung = first element
• kommt = second element
• vom Amtsgericht = the rest

So the pattern is:

Die Vorladung | kommt | vom Amtsgericht.

This is a very standard German sentence structure.

Vom is the contraction of von dem.

So:

• von dem Amtsgericht → vom Amtsgericht

This contraction is very common and usually sounds more natural than the full form.

So the sentence could theoretically be written as:

• Die Vorladung kommt von dem Amtsgericht.

But in normal German, vom Amtsgericht is much more idiomatic.

The preposition von always takes the dative case.

That is why das Amtsgericht changes to dem Amtsgericht after von:

• nominative: das Amtsgericht
• dative: dem Amtsgericht

Then von dem is contracted to vom.

So:

• von + dem Amtsgericht
• vom Amtsgericht

Amtsgericht is neuter: das Amtsgericht.

You can tell indirectly in this sentence because:

• von requires dative
• the dative singular article for a neuter noun is dem
• von dem becomes vom

So vom Amtsgericht contains the hidden article dem, which shows the noun is masculine or neuter. In this case it is neuter, because the base form is das Amtsgericht.

Because German very often forms nouns by combining smaller words into a compound noun.

Amtsgericht is made from:

• Amt = office, authority, public office
• Gericht = court

Together, Amtsgericht refers to a specific type of court, usually the local court or district court in English.

This is completely normal in German. Instead of using several separate words, German often packs them into one noun.

Because in German, all nouns are capitalized.

So:

• die Vorladung
• das Amtsgericht

This is one of the most noticeable spelling differences between German and English. It does not mean these words are especially important in the sentence; they are capitalized simply because they are nouns.

Yes, that is grammatical.

German word order is flexible as long as the finite verb stays in second position in a main clause.

So both are possible:

• Die Vorladung kommt vom Amtsgericht.
• Vom Amtsgericht kommt die Vorladung.

The difference is mainly emphasis:

• Die Vorladung kommt vom Amtsgericht. = neutral statement
• Vom Amtsgericht kommt die Vorladung. = puts more focus on where it comes from

Sometimes, yes, but it is not exactly the same.

• kommt vom Amtsgericht emphasizes origin/source
• ist vom Amtsgericht can also mean is from the court, but it sounds a bit more like identification or classification
• stammt vom Amtsgericht is another option and strongly emphasizes origin

In many real situations, native speakers would understand all of these, but kommt vom Amtsgericht is a very natural way to say that the summons has come from or was sent by the court.