Ich mag den süßen Geschmack dieser Schokolade.

Breakdown of Ich mag den süßen Geschmack dieser Schokolade.

ich
I
mögen
to like
dieser
this
die Schokolade
the chocolate
der Geschmack
the taste
süß
sweet
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Questions & Answers about Ich mag den süßen Geschmack dieser Schokolade.

Why is it den süßen Geschmack and not der süße Geschmack?
Because Geschmack is masculine and here it’s the direct object (accusative case). The nominative article der changes to den in the accusative for masculine nouns.
Why does süßen take an -en ending?
After a definite article (like den) in accusative masculine singular, adjectives follow the weak declension and always end in -en.
What case is dieser Schokolade and why?
It’s genitive feminine singular. It expresses “of this chocolate.” For feminine nouns in the genitive, the demonstrative pronoun dieser ends in -er.
Could I say von dieser Schokolade instead of dieser Schokolade?

Yes. Using von + dative is an alternative:
den süßen Geschmack von dieser Schokolade
Here dieser is still feminine singular but in the dative instead of the genitive. Both mean “the taste of this chocolate.”

Why is the verb mag in the second position?
In a German main clause, the finite verb follows the V2 word order (verb in second position). In Ich mag den süßen Geschmack…, mag comes right after the subject Ich.
What are the genders of Geschmack and Schokolade?

Geschmack is masculine (der Geschmack).
Schokolade is feminine (die Schokolade).
These genders determine their articles and adjective endings.

How can I emphasize the object den süßen Geschmack dieser Schokolade?

You can front the object for emphasis:
Den süßen Geschmack dieser Schokolade mag ich.
Note that mag still stays in the second position, right after the fronted object.