Laatikko on pöydän alla.

The box is under the table.

Breakdown of Laatikko on pöydän alla.

• olla: to be
• pöytä: the table
• alla: under
• laatikko: the drawer

Questions & Answers about Laatikko on pöydän alla.

What does each word in "Laatikko on pöydän alla" literally mean?

Word by word:

• laatikko = box
• on = is (3rd person singular of the verb olla, to be)
• pöydän = table’s (genitive form of pöytä, table)
• alla = under, below (literally “at the lower side / at the bottom”)

So literally: "Box is table’s under", which idiomatically is “The box is under the table.”

Why is it pöydän and not just pöytä?

Pöydän is in the genitive case (marked by -n).

In Finnish, many postpositions (words like under, in front of, behind, etc., that come after a noun) require the noun to be in the genitive.

• pöytä (nominative) → pöydän (genitive)
• postposition: alla → needs genitive: pöydän alla = under the table

So the pattern is:

[genitive noun] + [postposition]
pöydän alla = under the table
talon takana = behind the house (talo → talon + takana)
auton edessä = in front of the car (auto → auton + edessä)

What exactly is alla? Is it a case ending or a separate word?

Alla here is a separate word, a postposition.

It comes from the noun ala (bottom, lower part, area). The form alla is that noun in the adessive case (on/at the lower part), but in modern Finnish it functions as a fixed postposition meaning “under, below”.

So structurally you have:

• pöydän = of the table
• alla = at the lower side → under

Together: pöydän alla = at the lower side of the table → under the table.

This is different from using a case ending directly on the noun, like pöydällä (on the table) where -llä really is a case ending.

Why is the structure "pöydän alla" and not just one word like "pöydällä"?

Finnish has two different mechanisms for expressing location:

1. Local cases on the noun itself

   • pöytä → pöydällä = on the table
   • pöytä → pöydässä = in(side) the table

2. Postpositions that follow the noun, with the noun in genitive

   • pöydän alla = under the table
   • pöydän päällä = on top of the table
   • pöydän lähellä = near the table

So "pöydällä" (one word) means something different from "pöydän alla":

• Laatikko on pöydällä. = The box is on the table.
• Laatikko on pöydän alla. = The box is under the table.

Could I say "Laatikko on pöytä alla"?

No, that would be incorrect.

You must use:

• the genitive form of pöytä → pöydän
• then the postposition alla

Correct: Laatikko on pöydän alla.

✗ Laatikko on pöytä alla. — wrong, because pöytä must be in the genitive when used with alla as a postposition.

Why is the verb on and not olla or olen?

On is the 3rd person singular present tense of the verb olla (to be).

Finnish present tense of olla:

• minä olen – I am
• sinä olet – you (sg) are
• hän on – he/she/it is
• me olemme – we are
• te olette – you (pl) are
• he ovat – they are

Since the subject laatikko (box) is third person singular (it), the correct form is:

• Laatikko on … = The box is …

Why is laatikko in its basic form and not declined like laatikon?

Laatikko is the subject of the sentence, so it appears in the nominative case, which is usually the dictionary/basic form.

• laatikko (nominative) = subject → the box
• laatikon (genitive) = of the box

In "Laatikko on pöydän alla":

• laatikko = subject, nominative → the box
• pöydän = genitive, governed by alla
• alla = postposition

If you said "laatikon" there, it would mean of the box and break the sentence structure.

Can I change the word order to "Pöydän alla on laatikko"?

Yes, that is perfectly correct Finnish.

• Laatikko on pöydän alla.
  – Neutral translation: The box is under the table.
  – Slight emphasis on laatikko (the box).

• Pöydän alla on laatikko.
  – More naturally translated as: There is a box under the table.
  – Emphasis on the location (under the table) and on the existence of a box there.

Both are grammatically fine; the difference is in information structure and emphasis, not correctness.

How do I say “The boxes are under the table”?

You need to:

• make laatikko plural → laatikot
• make the verb plural → ovat

The location phrase pöydän alla stays the same, because it refers to one table.

So:

• Laatikot ovat pöydän alla.
  = The boxes are under the table.

If you wanted “The boxes are under the tables”, both nouns become plural:

• Laatikot ovat pöytien alla.
  (pöytä → pöydät (pl.) → pöytien (genitive plural))

How do I know whether to translate it as “a box” or “the box” in English?

Finnish generally doesn’t use articles (a, an, the). The noun laatikko on its own can correspond to:

• a box
• the box

Which one is correct depends on context, not on the form of the word.

• If you are introducing new information:
  Pöydän alla on laatikko. → There is a box under the table.

• If both speakers already know which box is meant (shared context):
  Laatikko on pöydän alla. → The box is under the table.

In Finnish the form laatikko doesn’t change; English forces you to choose a or the when translating.

What’s the difference in meaning between "pöydän alla" and "pöydällä"?

They express different spatial relations:

• pöydän alla

  • pöydän = of the table (genitive)
  • alla = under, below
    → under the table

• pöydällä

  • pöytä
    • -llä (adessive case)
      → on the table (on its surface)

Examples:

• Laatikko on pöydän alla.
  = The box is under the table.

• Laatikko on pöydällä.
  = The box is on the table.

Are "alla" and "alhaalla" the same?

They are related but not used in the same way:

• alla

  • postposition, used with a noun in genitive
  • pöydän alla = under the table

• alhaalla

  • adverb; more like “down, in a lower place” in general
  • Laatikko on alhaalla. = The box is down (below / downstairs / in a lower place). (context decides)

So:

• pöydän alla – specifically under the table
• alhaalla – simply down below, not necessarily under a named object.