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Questions & Answers about Pakkanen on kova talvella.
Why isn't there any word for the or a before pakkanen?
Finnish has no articles. Definiteness or indefiniteness is usually understood from context, so you simply use the noun in its proper case.
What does pakkanen mean and how is it different from kylmä?
- Pakkanen refers to frost or freezing temperatures (below 0 °C).
- kylmä is the adjective cold (e.g. On kylmä = It is cold).
Use pakkanen when talking about frost or a freezing snap, and kylmä for general coldness.
What case is talvella and why is it used here?
Talvella is the adessive case (root talvi + -lla). Adessive often marks time expressions meaning in or during something (for example kesällä, syksyllä). So talvella = in winter.
Why is pakkanen in the nominative case?
It is the subject of the sentence. Finnish subjects take the nominative case, and pakkanen stays in nominative singular.
Why is the adjective kova also in the nominative and not in the partitive (for example kovaa)?
In a copular clause X on Y, the adjective Y agrees with the subject X in case and number. Since pakkanen is nominative singular, the adjective remains nominative singular kova. The partitive kovaa would appear in other contexts (such as after certain verbs or in partial objects).
Can I change the word order, for example Talvella pakkanen on kova? Does it alter the meaning?
You can. Finnish has relatively free word order. Placing talvella first emphasizes the time aspect. The core meaning stays the same.
What is the difference between pakkanen (singular) and pakkaset (plural)?
- Pakkanen (singular) describes frost as a general phenomenon.
- pakkaset (plural) refers to episodes of frost or cold snaps (for example Viime viikolla oli ankarat pakkaset = Last week there was severe frost).
How do I form a comparative if I want to say The frost is harsher in winter than in autumn?
Use the comparative kovempi and kuin for comparison:
Pakkanen on kovempi talvella kuin syksyllä = The frost is harsher in winter than in autumn.