Ilagay mo muna ang basura sa basurahan bago tayo kumain.

Yes:

Ilagay — put/place; here it is a command form
mo — you (singular), the doer of the action
muna — first / for now / before anything else
ang basura — the trash, the thing being acted on
sa basurahan — in/into the trash can
bago — before
tayo — we including the listener
kumain — eat

So the structure is basically:

[Put] [you] [first] [the trash] [in the trash can] [before] [we eat].

Because Filipino uses focus/voice, and the choice of verb form affects which noun gets marked with ang.

Here, ilagay is an object-focus form. That means the sentence highlights the thing being put — in this case, ang basura.

So:

Ilagay mo ang basura...
focuses on the trash as the thing being placed.

If you used maglagay, the structure would change, and the thing being placed would usually not be marked with ang in the same way. For example:

Maglagay ka ng libro sa mesa.
= Put a book on the table.

In your sentence, ilagay is the natural choice because the trash is the specific item being acted on.

Because Filipino often puts the verb first, especially in commands.

So instead of something like You put..., Filipino naturally says:

Ilagay mo...

Also, mo is a short pronoun, and these short pronouns usually come very early in the sentence, right after the first word or after the verb.

That is why Ilagay mo muna... sounds natural, while Mo ilagay... would not be the normal neutral order.

Muna is a very common word that means something like:

first
for now
before doing something else

In this sentence, it tells the listener to do this action before the next one happens.

So muna adds the idea:

Do this first, then we can do the next thing.

It can also make a command sound a little softer and more natural in conversation.

Not exactly.

Although ang sometimes looks like it matches English the, its real job is grammatical: it marks the noun phrase that is in focus or being highlighted in the sentence.

In:

Ilagay mo muna ang basura...

ang basura is the item being put somewhere, and because the verb is object-focus, that noun gets ang.

So it is better to think of ang as a marker, not simply as a direct equivalent of English the.

Because of the verb form ilagay.

With object-focus verbs like ilagay, the thing being acted on is typically marked by ang.

So:

Ilagay mo ang basura sa basurahan.

Here, basura is the thing being moved, so it gets ang.

If the sentence were built differently, especially with a different voice/focus, ng might appear instead. But with this exact structure, ang basura is the expected form.

Basura means trash/garbage.

Basurahan means trash can / garbage bin / trash receptacle.

It is formed from basura plus the suffix -han, which often creates a word meaning a place for something or a container/place associated with something.

So:

basura — trash
basurahan — place/container for trash

This is a very common pattern in Filipino.

Sa is a general marker for location or direction.

Here it marks the place where the trash should go:

sa basurahan = in/into the trash can

English makes a distinction between in, into, at, to, and so on, but Filipino often uses sa for many of these meanings, and the exact sense comes from context.

It is a time clause introduced by bago, meaning before.

So:

bago — before
tayo — we
kumain — eat

Together, it means before we eat.

This clause tells you when the command should happen. The trash should be put away first, and the eating happens afterward.

Because tayo is the inclusive form of we.

That means it includes:

• the speaker
• the person being spoken to

So if the speaker and listener are both going to eat, tayo is correct.

Kami is exclusive we, meaning:

• the speaker and some other people
• but not the listener

Since the speaker is clearly including the listener in the meal, tayo is the natural choice.

Because after bago, Filipino often uses the basic infinitive-like verb form to express a future or not-yet-happened action.

So:

bago tayo kumain
naturally means before we eat

Why not the others?

kumakain = eating / ongoing action
That would sound wrong here, because the eating has not started yet.

kakain = will eat
This is possible in some contexts, but bago tayo kumain is the more standard and natural expression in this kind of sentence.

So kumain here is the normal form after bago.

Yes.

You can also say:

Bago tayo kumain, ilagay mo muna ang basura sa basurahan.

That means the same thing.

The difference is mainly emphasis:

• Ilagay mo muna... bago tayo kumain.
  starts with the command itself

• Bago tayo kumain, ilagay mo muna...
  starts with the time frame and sounds a little more like Before we eat, ...

Both are natural.

Yes, it is a straightforward but normal command. It is not rude by itself; it just sounds direct.

If you want to make it softer or more polite, you could say things like:

Pakilagay muna ang basura sa basurahan bago tayo kumain.
= Please put the trash in the trash can first before we eat.

or

Pwede mo munang ilagay ang basura sa basurahan bago tayo kumain?
= Can you put the trash in the trash can first before we eat?

So the original sentence is natural, but there are softer versions if needed.