روستایی که نزدیک آن شهر است، امروز آفتابی نیست.

The final -ی in روستایی is the indefinite marker. So روستا is village, while روستایی is roughly a village.

So the start of the sentence is literally closer to a village that... than just village that....

Here it means village.

That is a good question, because روستایی can also mean:

• villager
• rural / country-style

But in this sentence, the grammar shows it is a noun being described by a relative clause:

روستایی که نزدیک آن شهر است
= a village that is near that city

So here it is definitely village.

Persian does not have a definite article like English the.

A noun can be understood as definite from:

• context
• a demonstrative like این or آن
• a relative clause like که ...

So Persian often leaves definiteness more implicit than English does.

Also, since this sentence has روستایی, it is formally more like a village. If an English translation uses the village, that is usually because English wants something more natural or context-specific.

که introduces a relative clause. Here it means that / which.

So:

• روستایی = a village
• که نزدیک آن شهر است = that is near that city

Together:

روستایی که نزدیک آن شهر است
= a village that is near that city

A useful point: Persian که does not change for gender or number. It can cover who, that, or which depending on context.

Nothing is really missing, but there is an important pronunciation point.

In normal reading, this is pronounced as:

نزدیکِ آن شهر
nazdik-e ân shahr

That -e is the ezafe, which links نزدیک to what follows.

You may also hear:

نزدیک به آن شهر
= near that city

Both are possible. Persian writing usually does not show short vowels, so the ezafe is often invisible in the script.

آن means that.

So:

آن شهر = that city

In everyday spoken Persian, people usually say اون instead of آن:

• written/formal: آن شهر
• spoken: اون شهر

So a conversational version would sound more like:

روستایی که نزدیک اون شهره...

Because there are two separate clauses in the sentence.

1. که نزدیک آن شهر است
   = that is near that city

2. امروز آفتابی نیست
   = is not sunny today

So:

• است = is
• نیست = is not

In Persian, نیست is the negative form used here, not a separate word for not plus is.

امروز means today, and it is a time adverb.

Its position here is very natural:

روستایی که نزدیک آن شهر است، امروز آفتابی نیست.

But Persian word order is fairly flexible with adverbs, so you could also say:

امروز روستایی که نزدیک آن شهر است آفتابی نیست.

That still sounds natural. The original placement simply keeps the long subject together first, then adds the time phrase.

آفتابی means sunny or sunlit, depending on context.

It comes from آفتاب, meaning sun or sunlight.

In a weather sentence like this, آفتابی نیست means:

• is not sunny
• the weather is not sunny

So here it describes the weather or sky conditions in that village.

Yes. That is a very natural shorter alternative.

• روستایی که نزدیک آن شهر است
  = a village that is near that city
• روستای نزدیکِ آن شهر
  = the village near that city

This is an important difference:

• روستایی = a village (indefinite marker)
• روستای = روستا + ezafe, not the indefinite marker

So روستای and روستایی are different forms.

A compact version of the whole sentence would be:

روستای نزدیکِ آن شهر امروز آفتابی نیست.

Not strictly.

The comma after است helps the reader because the subject is long:

روستایی که نزدیک آن شهر است، امروز آفتابی نیست.

Persian punctuation is somewhat flexible, and many people might write it without the comma:

روستایی که نزدیک آن شهر است امروز آفتابی نیست.

Both are acceptable. The comma just improves readability.

A simple pronunciation guide is:

rustâyi ke nazdik-e ân shahr ast, emruz âftâbi nist

A more natural spoken version would be closer to:

roostâyi ke nazdik-e un shahre, emruz âftâbi nist

or even:

roostâyi ke nazdike un shahre, emruz âftâbi nis

depending on how casual the speech is.