La aviadilo ekflugos post dek minutoj, do ni devas rapidi.

Aviadilo means airplane or aircraft. You can think of it as:

• aviad- = aviation / flying
• -il- = tool, instrument, device
• -o = noun ending

So it is basically a device for aviation. Even if you do not analyze it every time, it is useful to notice how Esperanto often builds words from smaller meaningful parts.

The basic verb is flugi, meaning to fly. The prefix ek- often means to begin or to start suddenly. So ekflugi means to start flying. When talking about a plane, that is naturally translated as to take off.

So:

• flugi = to fly
• ekflugi = to start flying, to take off
• ekflugos = will take off

-os marks the future tense in Esperanto. So ekflugos means will take off.

A useful quick summary:

• -as = present
• -is = past
• -os = future
• -us = conditional
• -u = command / wish
• -i = infinitive

One nice feature of Esperanto is that the verb ending does not change with the subject. The same future ending -os works with mi, vi, li, ŝi, ni, and so on.

Post means after. So post dek minutoj literally means after ten minutes. In English, we often say in ten minutes in this kind of situation, but Esperanto can use post to express that the event happens once those ten minutes have passed.

So the idea is: ten minutes pass, and then the plane takes off.

Because post is a preposition, and after a preposition Esperanto normally uses the basic noun form, not the accusative.

So:

• dek minutoj = ten minutes
• post dek minutoj = after ten minutes

The -j is there because minutes is plural. There is no -n here because the noun is not a direct object.

Do means so, therefore, or thus. It connects the first idea to the conclusion that follows.

In this sentence:

• the plane will take off in ten minutes
• do
• we must hurry

So do shows cause and result.

After devi meaning must or have to, Esperanto uses the infinitive form of the next verb.

So:

• devas = must / have to
• rapidi = to hurry

That gives ni devas rapidi = we must hurry.

Only devas is conjugated. The second verb stays in the infinitive.

Rapidi means to hurry, to rush, or to move quickly because there is not much time. In this sentence, it means the speakers need to act quickly so they do not miss the plane.

Related words:

• rapida = fast, quick
• rapide = quickly
• rapido = speed

Not completely. Esperanto word order is fairly flexible. The version here is the most neutral and natural:

La aviadilo ekflugos post dek minutoj, do ni devas rapidi.

But other orders can also work, especially if you want to emphasize something. For example:

Post dek minutoj la aviadilo ekflugos, do ni devas rapidi.

That puts more attention on the time expression. The original sentence is simply the most straightforward way to say it.