La ministro deklaris la novan leĝon.

Esperanto endings give you a lot of grammatical information:

• la = the
• ministro: the ending -o shows it is a noun
• deklaris: the ending -is shows past tense
• novan: the ending -a shows an adjective, and -n shows accusative
• leĝon: the ending -o shows a noun, and -n shows accusative

So just from the endings, you can see that:

• ministro is a noun and the subject
• deklaris is a past-tense verb
• novan leĝon is the direct object, with an adjective matching the noun

In Esperanto, all verbs use fixed tense endings:

• -as = present
• -is = past
• -os = future
• -us = conditional
• -u = command/jussive
• -i = infinitive

So:

• deklari = to declare
• deklaras = declares / is declaring
• deklaris = declared
• deklaros = will declare

That means deklaris tells you the action happened in the past.

Because novan leĝon is the direct object, and in Esperanto the accusative ending -n goes on:

• the noun
• any adjective that describes that noun

So:

• leĝo = law
• leĝon = law as a direct object
• nova leĝo = a/the new law
• novan leĝon = a/the new law as a direct object

This matching is called agreement. Adjectives agree with the nouns they describe in both:

• number: singular/plural
• case: accusative or not

Because ministro is the subject, not the direct object.

In this sentence:

• La ministro = the subject, the one doing the action
• la novan leĝon = the direct object, the thing affected by the action

Esperanto usually marks the direct object with -n, but the subject normally has no special ending.

So:

• La ministro deklaris la novan leĝon = The minister declared the new law.

Each noun phrase can have its own definite article.

Here there are two noun phrases:

• la ministro
• la novan leĝon

Both are definite, so both use la.

Unlike English, Esperanto has only one definite article: la. It does not change for:

• gender
• number
• case

So it stays la whether the noun is singular, plural, subject, or object.

Yes, Esperanto word order is fairly flexible because the accusative -n helps show what is the object.

The normal order is:

• subject + verb + object

So:

• La ministro deklaris la novan leĝon.

But you could also say:

• La novan leĝon deklaris la ministro.

That still means the same thing, because leĝon has -n, so it is clearly the object.

Even so, the most neutral and common order is still subject–verb–object.

Yes, it can come before or after the noun.

Both are grammatical:

• la novan leĝon
• la leĝon novan

The first is much more normal and natural in everyday Esperanto. Putting the adjective after the noun can sound more literary, emphatic, or stylistically marked.

In either position, the adjective must still agree with the noun:

• nova leĝo
• novan leĝon
• novaj leĝoj
• novajn leĝojn

Yes, deklari is normally transitive, meaning it usually acts on something.

For example:

• Li deklaris la rezulton. = He declared the result.
• Ŝi deklaris sian intencon. = She declared her intention.

So in La ministro deklaris la novan leĝon, it is natural for la novan leĝon to be the direct object.

Depending on context, deklari can also be used with complements, such as declaring someone something, but the basic idea is that it often takes an object.

The letter ĝ is pronounced like the g in gem, giant, or judge.

So leĝo sounds roughly like LEH-jo, with the j sound from English judge.

Then leĝon is the same word plus the accusative -n at the end:

• leĝo
• leĝon

A rough English-friendly pronunciation would be:

• LEH-jon

But remember that Esperanto vowels are pure and steady:

• e = like e in met
• o = like a clear o, not a diphthong

Usually ministro means a government minister, especially in a sentence like this about a law.

So La ministro deklaris la novan leĝon most naturally suggests a political or governmental context.

If you meant a religious minister, context would need to make that clear.

Because Esperanto puts tense directly on the verb ending.

English often uses helper words or different verb forms:

• declares
• declared
• did declare

Esperanto is simpler here:

• deklaras = declares / is declaring
• deklaris = declared / did declare

So deklaris already contains the past meaning. You do not need an extra word like did.