Disdonu la kartaron al ĉiuj.

The -u ending is the Esperanto volitive ending. It is used for commands, requests, suggestions, and wishes.

So Disdonu means something like Give out / Distribute!

A useful thing to know: Esperanto uses -u regardless of whether you are speaking to one person or more than one person. The subject is often left unstated, but it is understood as vi.

Because doni means to give, while disdoni means to give out, distribute, hand out among several people.

The prefix dis- often adds the idea of:

• spreading out
• separating
• distributing in different directions

So:

• donu = give
• disdonu = give out / distribute

In this sentence, the idea is not just giving something once, but handing it out to everyone, so disdonu is the natural verb.

Kartaro is built like this:

• kart- = card
• -ar- = a collection or group of things
• -o = noun ending

So kartaro means a collection of cards, in other words a deck of cards.

The suffix -ar- is very common in Esperanto for a set or group:

• arbo = tree → arbaro = forest
• vorto = word → vortaro = dictionary, word-collection
• karto = card → kartaro = deck, pack of cards

Because it is the direct object of the verb.

In Esperanto, the direct object takes the accusative ending -n.

Here, the thing being distributed is la kartaro, so it becomes:

• la kartaro → la kartaron

That -n tells you what is being given out.

La is the definite article, meaning the.

So la kartaron refers to the specific deck of cards that the speaker and listener already know about.

Esperanto uses la much like English uses the:

• kartaro = a deck / deck in general
• la kartaro = the deck

Also, Esperanto has no separate word for a/an. If something is indefinite, you usually just leave out the article.

Because al means to, and it marks the recipient.

The cards are being distributed to everyone, so the people receiving them are introduced with al:

• al ĉiuj = to everyone / to all

This is different from the direct object:

• la kartaron = what is being distributed
• al ĉiuj = who receives it

Both are possible words, but they emphasize slightly different things.

• ĉiu = each, every one
• ĉiuj = all, everyone, all of them

So:

• al ĉiu = to each person
• al ĉiuj = to everyone / to all

In many situations, both could make sense, but al ĉiuj sounds very natural for to everyone as a group.

If the speaker wanted to stress one by one, al ĉiu might be more likely.

Because ĉiuj is governed by the preposition al.

Normally, a word after a preposition like al does not take the accusative -n just for being an object in English terms. The preposition already shows its role.

So:

• correct: al ĉiuj
• not normally: al ĉiujn

The -n is on kartaron because that is the direct object, not because it comes later in the sentence.

Yes. The subject is not written, but it is understood.

Disdonu la kartaron al ĉiuj. really means something like:

• (Vi) disdonu la kartaron al ĉiuj.

In English, commands also usually omit the subject:

• Distribute the deck to everyone.
• understood subject: you

In Esperanto, this is very normal.

The form disdonu by itself does not tell you.

Esperanto’s -u form can be used for:

• one person
• more than one person
• even other persons in different constructions

So context decides whether the speaker means:

• you, one person or
• you all

If that needed to be made explicit, the speaker could add something like vi or vi ĉiuj.

Yes. Esperanto word order is fairly flexible because endings show grammatical roles.

The most neutral order here is:

• Disdonu la kartaron al ĉiuj.

But other orders are possible for emphasis, such as:

• Al ĉiuj disdonu la kartaron.

That might emphasize to everyone.

Still, for learners, the original order is the clearest and most standard.

Yes, but the focus changes a bit.

• la kartaron = the deck as a single set
• la kartojn = the individual cards

So:

• Disdonu la kartaron al ĉiuj treats the deck as the thing being dealt out
• Disdonu la kartojn al ĉiuj focuses more directly on the cards themselves

In real use, both could appear depending on what the speaker wants to emphasize.

Here, ĉiuj is being used pronominally, meaning it stands on its own without a noun after it.

It means something like:

• everyone
• all of them

Compare:

• ĉiuj = everyone / all
• ĉiuj ludantoj = all players

So in this sentence, ĉiuj is effectively standing in for all the people.