La dunganto postulas vivresumon.

La is the definite article, meaning the. So la dunganto means the employer.

Esperanto has only one article, la. There is no separate word for a or an, so dunganto by itself can mean an employer or just employer, depending on context.

Dunganto is built from:

• dung- = the root related to hiring/employing
• -ant- = an active participle-like element meaning someone doing the action
• -o = noun ending

So dunganto literally means one who employs, which is why it means employer.

A useful comparison is dungito:

• dunganto = employer
• dungito = employee

The ending -as marks the present tense in Esperanto. So postulas means requires, demands, or is requiring, depending on context.

Esperanto verbs do not change for person or number. That means:

• mi postulas = I require
• li postulas = he requires
• ili postulas = they require

The verb form stays postulas in all those cases.

The -n ending marks the direct object. It shows what is being required.

In this sentence:

• La dunganto = the subject, the one doing the requiring
• postulas = requires
• vivresumon = the direct object, the thing being required

Without the -n, it would not be grammatically correct here.

Yes. Vivresumo is a compound made from:

• viv- = life
• resum- = summary
• -o = noun ending

So it is literally something like life-summary, which is why it means résumé/CV.

In Esperanto compounds, the main idea usually comes at the end. A vivresumo is a kind of resumo connected with a person’s vivo.

That is normal in Esperanto compounds. Usually the earlier roots stay in a simple root form, and only the final part gets the grammatical ending.

So:

• viv-
  • resum-
    • -o = vivresumo
• then the accusative -n is added: vivresumon

This makes compounds very regular and easy to build.

The most neutral word order is subject–verb–object:

• La dunganto = subject
• postulas = verb
• vivresumon = object

So La dunganto postulas vivresumon is the most straightforward order.

Because Esperanto marks the direct object with -n, the order can be changed more easily than in English. For example, Vivresumon la dunganto postulas is still understandable, though it sounds more marked or emphatic.

No. Postuli is a transitive verb, so it takes a direct object directly.

That is why we say:

• postulas vivresumon

not something with an extra preposition before vivresumon.

If you wanted to mention the person something is demanded from, you could add that separately, for example with de in some contexts. But in this sentence, only the thing demanded is stated.

Usually postuli is stronger than a polite request. It often means demand or require, not just ask for politely.

So this sentence suggests that the employer considers the résumé necessary.

If you wanted a softer idea like asks for, Esperanto might use a different verb, such as peti, depending on context.

Usually la dunganto suggests a specific employer, or one already known from context: the employer.

However, in short example sentences, Esperanto sometimes uses la in a slightly general way when the situation is clear. If you wanted to say an employer requires a résumé, you could simply say:

Dunganto postulas vivresumon.

So the exact force of la depends on context.