Ĉiu dungito havas atestilon.

Ĉiu means each or every. In ĉiu dungito, it means each employee / every employee.

It is a distributive word: it looks at the employees one by one.

With ĉiu, Esperanto normally uses a singular noun:

• ĉiu dungito = each employee / every employee

By contrast:

• ĉiuj dungitoj = all employees

These are often very close in meaning, but ĉiu focuses more clearly on each individual member of the group.

Because -o is the normal noun ending in Esperanto.

So dungito is a noun: employee.

A useful word-building breakdown is:

• dung- = the idea of employing or hiring
• -it- = someone who has been affected by the action
• -o = noun

So dungito literally means something like a person who has been employed.

-as is the present-tense verb ending in Esperanto.

So:

• havas = has / have

Esperanto verbs do not change according to the subject. That means:

• mi havas = I have
• li havas = he has
• ili havas = they have

So ĉiu dungito havas is literally each employee has.

The -n marks the direct object.

In this sentence, the employee is the one who has, and the certificate is the thing that is had. So:

• ĉiu dungito = the subject
• atestilon = the direct object

Without the object marker, it would be atestilo. With the accusative ending, it becomes atestilon.

Because the sentence talks about a certificate in the singular.

• atestilon = a certificate
• atestilojn = certificates

So the sentence presents it as one certificate per employee, or at least says that every employee has a certificate.

No. Esperanto does not have an indefinite article like English a/an.

So:

• dungito can mean employee
• atestilon can mean a certificate

Esperanto does have a definite article, la, for the, but it is only used when needed. Since this sentence is indefinite, no article is required.

Not necessarily.

The sentence normally means that every employee has a certificate, but it does not by itself say whether it is the same kind of certificate, the same document, or different certificates for different people.

The important idea is simply that each employee possesses one.

Yes. Esperanto word order is fairly flexible, especially because the direct object is marked with -n.

For example, you could also say:

• Atestilon havas ĉiu dungito.

That is grammatically correct, but it sounds more marked or emphatic. The original sentence:

• Ĉiu dungito havas atestilon.

is the most neutral and natural order.

Ĉ is pronounced like ch in church.

So ĉiu is pronounced roughly CHEE-oo.

A few pronunciation notes for the whole sentence:

• ĉiu → CHEE-oo
• dungito → doon-GEE-to
• havas → HA-vas
• atestilon → a-te-STI-lon

Esperanto stress normally falls on the second-to-last syllable.