Min bog ligger på bordet ved vinduet.

Because bog is a common-gender noun in Danish: en bog = a book.

In Danish, the possessive changes to match the noun’s gender:

• min for en-words
• mit for et-words
• mine for plural

So:

• min bog = my book
• mit bord = my table
• mine bøger = my books

A good habit is to learn nouns together with their article, like en bog, et bord, et vindue.

Because Danish normally does not use an indefinite article together with a possessive.

So you say:

• min bog = my book

not:

• min en bog

This works like English: we say my book, not my a book.

That -et marks the definite singular form for many neuter nouns.

Here are the basic forms:

• et bord = a table

• bordet = the table

• et vindue = a window
• vinduet = the window

So in the sentence:

• på bordet = on the table
• ved vinduet = by the window

Danish often adds definiteness to the end of the noun instead of using a separate word like the.

Because the sentence says my book, not the book.

With possessives like min, din, hans, hendes, vores, etc., the noun usually stays in its indefinite form:

• min bog = my book
• hendes bil = her car
• vores hus = our house

So:

• bogen = the book
• min bog = my book

You do not combine them as min bogen in normal Danish.

Ligger literally means lies or is lying, but in Danish it is very commonly used to describe where things are located.

So Min bog ligger på bordet is the natural way to say:

• My book is on the table

Danish often prefers a position verb instead of just to be:

• ligge = lie / be lying
• stå = stand / be standing
• sidde = sit / be sitting

For objects, the choice often depends on how the object is positioned or how Danish speakers conventionally describe it.

A book on a table is very naturally said to ligge.

Yes, people would understand you, and it is not impossible Danish. But ligger sounds more natural and idiomatic here.

Compare:

• Min bog er på bordet. = My book is on the table.
• Min bog ligger på bordet. = more natural for the physical location of a book

Using er is more neutral and less specific. Using ligger gives the normal Danish sense of a thing being placed somewhere.

They describe two different relationships:

• på bordet = on the table
• ved vinduet = by / near / at the window

So the book is on the table, and the table is by the window.

A simple way to understand the whole sentence is:

• My book is lying on the table by the window.

Here, på shows contact with a surface, while ved shows nearness or position beside something.

Most naturally, it describes the table:

• på bordet ved vinduet = on the table by the window

So the most likely meaning is that the table is the one located by the window.

In practice, though, the whole phrase gives the book’s location, so the full idea is still where the book is. But grammatically and semantically, ved vinduet most naturally attaches to bordet.

The normal word order here is:

• Subject + verb + place phrases

So:

• Min bog = subject
• ligger = verb
• på bordet ved vinduet = location

Danish main clauses usually follow the V2 rule, which means the finite verb normally comes in the second position.

In this sentence, the subject is first, so the verb comes next:

• Min bog ligger på bordet ved vinduet.

You can also move the location to the front, but then the verb still stays second:

• På bordet ved vinduet ligger min bog.

That sounds a bit more literary or emphatic.

The dictionary forms are:

• bog → dictionary form: en bog
• bordet → dictionary form: et bord
• vinduet → dictionary form: et vindue
• ligger → infinitive: at ligge

So if you want to look them up, use:

• bog
• bord
• vindue
• ligge

For nouns, it is best to memorize them with their article:

• en bog
• et bord
• et vindue

A simple learner-friendly approximation is:

• ligger ≈ LIG-er
• vinduet ≈ VIN-doo-eth or VIN-doo-et

A few useful notes:

• g in ligger is not pronounced like a strong English g in go
• the ending -er is usually quite light in Danish
• vinduet has three syllables: vin-du-et

If you want rough stress:

• LIG-ger
• VIN-du-et

As always with Danish, the real pronunciation is often softer and more reduced than the spelling suggests.

Unfortunately, there is no completely reliable rule. You usually have to learn each noun together with its gender.

For this sentence:

• en bog
• et bord
• et vindue

That is why Danish learners should memorize nouns as whole units, not just the bare noun. For example, learn et bord, not only bord.

That helps you produce correct forms such as:

• mit bord
• bordet

instead of guessing.

Ligger is the present tense of at ligge.

Common forms are:

• at ligge = to lie
• ligger = lies / is lying
• lå = lay / was lying
• har ligget = has lain / has been lying

So in your sentence:

• Min bog ligger på bordet ved vinduet.
• My book is lying on the table by the window.

Danish present tense is often formed by adding -r to the infinitive stem, though you should still learn each verb as you meet it.